I understand that enterprise applications face several complex challenges, including constantly changing business requirements, the need for quick turnaround times, support for multiple platforms, and integration with various systems. This article offers real-world solutions for addressing these issues when building an enterprise application using .NET MAUI. Whether you're developing a new business application or tackling the evolving problems of existing ones, this content will be invaluable for you.

Deep Dive on MAUI Application

<html><body><h2 style="text-align:justify;">What Is Logging?</h2>Logging is the process of recording events and messages that occur in a system. These messages are usually stored in a file, but they can be sent to other destinations such as databases or other monitoring software.Logging is a general purpose, but we mostly use it for: <ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Troubleshooting and debugging: Logging provides historical activities of a system, making it easy to find problems such as exceptions in the code. We can analyze the log to see if it happened and try making educated guesses.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Auditing and security. Log can be used to audit security events, user activities and system changes.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Performance monitoring: Log can capture performance-related data such as the response time of a system. We can use it to identify bottlenecks and potential performance problems.</li></ul><h3 style="text-align:justify;">Logging Level</h3>Logging Levels are defined differently for each implementation. However, they usually contain these 4 levels:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Debug: This level contains detailed information for developers to perform troubleshooting. We usually don't turn on this level in the production environment because it could produce a log of logging data.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Information: This level logs information on system operations.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Warning: This level indicates potential issues that might require attention but are not critical yet.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Error: This level indicates that an error occurred in the system.</li></ul>In .NET Core, the framework defines more log levels to distinguish their intention even further. These log levels include Trace, Debug, Information, Warning, Error, Critical, and None.In the following sections, we will put them into practice and have a better understanding of the log level.<h2 style="text-align:justify;">How logging is implemented in .NET Core?</h2><h3 style="text-align:justify;">ILogger, ILoggerProvider and ILoggerFactory</h3>Logging in .NET core is built of so many components and classes. However, I will only introduce 3 main components that we usually interact with and use most of the time in the framework.<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">ILogger is the interface that represents a type we interact with to perform the logging. In the real world, we don't usually use this interface but ILogger&lt;T&gt; instead. The ILogger&lt;T&gt; eventually inherits the interface ILogger. This interface exposes a method that we can use to write logs with appropriate log levels such as Log, LogCritical, LogDebug, LogError, LogInformation, LogTrace, LogWarning… You can find more about the interface here.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">ILoggerProvider is used to create ILogger instances. Applications are not supposed to use this interface directly, they are only supposed to use ILoggerFactory to create instances of ILogger.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">ILoggerFactory is also used to create ILogger instances and is supposed to be used in the application code. We will register the ILoggerProvider with ILoggerFactory so that the framework will use it.</li></ul><h3 style="text-align:justify;">How is the Logger bootstrapped internally?</h3>We can set a breakpoint in the Program.cs to see how it bootstraps the logging mechanism.By inspecting the IServiceCollection, we get some insights into what the framework does under the hood. By default, the framework registers some ServiceDescriptor for all the interfaces that we mentioned in the previous section.<figure class="image image_resized" style="width:90.73%;"><img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/pasted%20image%200-2ORZaFFAAwF9jIwXOe3mww6XyA9J8sxjpOMYg5EZ.webp"></figure>Figure 01: Code change to inspect IService CollectionFurther analysis of the IServiceCollection at runtime reveals that the framework bootstraps an ILogger, ILoggerFactory with Singleton lifetime. We have 4 ILoggerProvider registered by default (ConsoleLoggerProvider, DebugLoggerProvider, EventSourceLoggerProvider, EventLogLoggerProvider). Calling services.Logging.ClearProviders() would clear all the ServiceDescriptor from the IServiceCollection.<figure class="image image_resized" style="width:91.21%;"><img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/pasted%20image%200%20(1)-g2fZTlt0NQBmKZQHlpTYBvCKcrfXtCjuGjMIL1tE.webp"></figure>Figure 02: Inspect IService Collection at runtime<h3 style="text-align:justify;">Logging Scope</h3>The interface ILogger&lt;T&gt; comes with a very handy method BeginScope that could be used to log a portion of code that has the same attribute (state). This method doesn’t show any distinct output when we use the default console logger. However, it comes very handy when we use Serilog and Seq.<figure class="image image_resized" style="width:91.22%;"><img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/pasted%20image%200%20(2)-o7w2Fra4PuT0cKfKhVTKxbtsDRyKfsL0aRRLXyss.webp"></figure>Figure 03: Logging Scope example<h3 style="text-align:justify;">Log Filtering</h3>The framework also allows us to configure log filtering by specifying the desired log level for a specific log category via the AddFilter method. If no log filter is specified, then the minimum log level is applied.<figure class="image image_resized" style="width:92.07%;"><img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/pasted%20image%200%20(3)-qfgE7ietMdQ7vdJV3c9NKVp9HYHCGYVadU3CdxzR.webp"></figure>Figure 04: Log filter<h2 style="text-align:justify;">What is Serilog and Structured Logging</h2><h3 style="text-align:justify;">What is Serilog?</h3>Serilog is a logging library for .NET and .NET Core that supports structured logging. It has the ability to store (sink) logs using a plain text file, Database or even to Seq (another software that supports the GUI for log querying and visualization)...<h3 style="text-align:justify;">How does Serilog work?</h3>We won’t dig deep into how Serilog works internally. However, we will take a glance at the highest level, by using the same technique that we used to observe the way the framework bootstrap logging. We can see that Serilog simply just replaces the ILoggerFactory by adding another ServiceDescriptor for ILoggerFactory. <figure class="image image_resized" style="width:90.57%;"><img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/pasted%20image%200%20(4)-gDujVcWh87TP9YzH15lMkEJaX9h5DzpYH1pVEGIt.webp"></figure>Figure 05: Serilog replace ILoggerFactory using their own implementation<h3 style="text-align:justify;">Serilog Integration Guide.</h3>In this guide, we will integrate the .NET 8 with Serilog and we will try to sink the log to the file and Console. We will use the template  which contains all the code inside the Program.cs (without the Startup.cs file) file so that it would be easier to keep track of the post. First, we will bootstrap our project by using the following command in Windows Terminal:dotnet new webapi -o SerilogIntegrationGuideThe SerilogIntegrationGuide is not mandatory, It's the name of your project and you can name it whatever you want as long as it respects the naming convention of your operating system.After the project is fully created, then we can use the following command to install Serilog:dotnet add package Serilog.AspNetCoreBefore we change our code to integrate with Serilog, let's capture the output of our current program by hitting an endpoint of our web api.<figure class="image image_resized" style="width:90.01%;"><img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/pasted%20image%200%20(5)-RjtpqiZOg8w9XEh0Dup4jo4Pu5keOrDcdBMGYcsL.webp"></figure>Figure 06: Plain output of the default console loggingThe output is plain text without any format and is very hard to read. Now let’s add the Serilog package and change some code before we observe the output again.<figure class="image image_resized" style="width:90.77%;"><img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/pasted%20image%200%20(6)-abEpolo7L6wuAFKXpnsFbJDroG8tbOqV16KtAOPo.webp"></figure>Figure 07: Serilog integration code changeSerilog integration is very easy, by creating the LoggerConfiguration and adding the line builder.Services.AddSerilog(), we have completed the integration with the logging library. Now let’s run the project, hit the endpoint and observe the output again.<figure class="image image_resized" style="width:90.47%;"><img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/pasted%20image%200%20(7)-wKZINeEsgwMWrcxJ0tdJeB3PArA6c1yXIb9CRR8Y.webp"></figure>Figure 08: Serilog console outputThe output is nicely formatted.Now let’s try sinking (save) the log into the file instead. In order to sink the log to the file, we have to install another nuget package by running the following command in the terminal  dotnet add package Serilog.Sinks.File --version 5.0.0After running the command, we have to make some changes to the code in order to make the logs dump to file.<figure class="image image_resized" style="width:90.99%;"><img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/pasted%20image%200%20(8)-4jugdk90SKZgefqWLq401TBJ0qnoixKqL328xz1k.webp"></figure>Figure 09: File rolling integration code changeThen, we can run the project again and observe that the log file is created inside our project folder. The second parameter “rollingInterval” indicates that a new log file will be created after each hour so the log file is guaranteed to be small and contains only the logs with the scope of 1 hour.<h2 style="text-align:justify;">Conclusion</h2>In conclusion, logging provides a vital mechanism for understanding and maintaining your C# applications. By leveraging Serilog, you gain a powerful and flexible tool to capture, enrich, and store log data. This approach empowers you to troubleshoot issues efficiently, monitor application health, and gain valuable insights into system behavior. As your application evolves, Serilog's scalability and extensibility ensure it can continue to be a cornerstone of your observability strategy.Resources<ul><li>Demo source code: <a href="https://github.com/saigontechnology/Blog-Resources/tree/main/DotNet/do.tran/LoggingInDotNet">https://github.com/saigontechnology/Blog-Resources/tree/main/DotNet/do.tran/LoggingInDotNet</a></li></ul></body></html>

The software industry prioritizes performance, reliability, speed, and scalability. But there's another equally important factor: observability. This post delves into logging, a crucial aspect of achieving observability in software.

Logging And Structured Logging With Serilog The Definitive Guide

<html><body>Hello everyone, I hope you have a day full of energy.Today, I will introduce the SignalR topic in .NET. What is a real-time application? What is SignalR in .NET? The main concepts in SignalR. How to use SignalR to build a simple chat application.I hope to engage in some fruitful discussions with you all. Without further ado, let's get started.<h2>1. What is the real-time application?</h2>Real-time application is a type of application that delivers and processes information for users immediately, without significant waiting.Some common real-time applications include:<ul><li>Online Chat: Real-time chat applications where users can send and receive messages without the need to reload the page.</li><li>Dashboards and monitoring apps: Display real-time information such as data from sensors, financial market data, or system notifications.</li><li>Notification apps: Applications that require system notifications such as social networks, email, chat, games, travel alerts, and more.</li><li>And various other types of applications. Refer to the additional image below for more information.</li></ul><img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-BKA0QpGACLN5wy6b7fS1U2CaybEg9DdJNqsq0Jzn.png"><h2>2. What is SignalR? </h2>Real-time application is a type of application that delivers and processes information for users immediately, without significant waiting.<img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-o2VXPDYeupYy4hfHI7bSgoe0HYFNACIl0h0I6fzI.png">SignalR provides several key features that make it a popular choice for building real-time web applications. Here are some of the main features:<ul><li>Real-time Communication: SignalR enables real-time communication between the server and connected clients, allowing immediate updates and interactions without the need for clients to poll the server continuously.</li><li>Bi-Directional Communication: SignalR supports both server-to-client and client-to-server communication. This bidirectional communication is essential for scenarios where updates can originate from either end.</li><li>Multiple Transport Protocols:SignalR supports multiple transport protocols, including WebSockets, Server-Sent Events (SSE), long polling, and more. This ensures compatibility with various browsers and network configurations, allowing the framework to choose the most appropriate transport method.</li><li>Hubs for Abstraction:Hubs provide a high-level abstraction for organizing communication between clients and servers. They simplify the process of managing connections and invoking methods on clients. Hubs enable developers to structure their real-time communication logic in a more organized manner.</li><li>Cross-platform Compatibility: While SignalR has its roots in the ASP.NET framework, it has been expanded to support cross-platform development. It can be used with both .NET and non-.NET environments, making it versatile for different types of applications.</li><li>Scalability: SignalR is designed to scale horizontally, allowing applications to handle a large number of simultaneous connections. It supports scaling across multiple servers, making it suitable for applications with high traffic and concurrency requirements.</li><li>Connection Persistence: SignalR provides connection persistence, allowing clients to reconnect automatically in case of network disruptions or changes. This ensures a more robust and resilient real-time communication experience.</li><li>Built-in Security: SignalR includes built-in security features, such as support for authentication and authorization. This ensures that only authorized users can connect to the server and access specific real-time communication channels.</li><li>Automatic Reconnection: SignalR handles automatic reconnection for clients, making it more fault-tolerant. If a client loses its connection, SignalR attempts to reconnect automatically, maintaining the continuity of real-time updates.</li></ul>We will go into detail for each feature in the next section. <h2>3. SignalR Transports type </h2>SignalR Transports types are mechanisms or protocols used to establish and maintain connections between clients and servers. SignalR supports various transport methods to ensure flexibility and compatibility across different environments. Here are some common types of transports in SignalR:<ul><li>WebSockets: a protocol that provides a continuous connection for sending and receiving bidirectional data between clients and servers. Applications like online chat, real-time dashboards, and integrated system notifications utilize WebSockets.</li></ul><img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-71WyewbZYUTwRmJtH9KPRlR8VVURw635RZ1Hg1il.png"><ul><li>Server-Sent Events (SSE): SSE is a protocol where the server can automatically send events and new data to the client. It is a one-way transport, with the client unable to send data to the server. Suitable for applications such as updating sports events and online entertainment information to users.</li></ul><img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-vQpYe3y9XBqLUN81EEbm3HRpyJJDa2PfCpgpzX9g.png"><ul><li>Long Polling: Long Polling is a technique where the client sends a request to the server, and the server keeps the connection open until there is new data or a timeout occurs. Afterward, the client and server establish a new connection. SignalR with Long Polling transport is often used in situations where maintaining a continuous connection is not a priority but real-time functionality is still needed. Long Polling is employed when other transports like WebSockets or Server-Sent Events are unavailable or unsuitable. While it may introduce latency compared to full transports, it still provides real-time functionality without requiring a constant connection. <img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-81kfdGVi3VkUZ1XJH7BNUs2xdxVqgB3b8Xz2s5Di.png"></li></ul>Configuring the transport type for SignalR in .NET. The default transport type is WebSocket. <img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-NwhblYWYzjD3M0qIvCCNSeeZDHRnGVXsyrVgG2UX.png"><h2>4. Hubs in SignalR</h2><img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-FnLW5D3jBwkOH23kB5JkotuWvTTjlTFNNTnd30Le.png">A Hub is a server-side object that provides a centralized way for bidirectional communication between clients and the server. Hubs enable the transmission of messages from the server to clients and vice versa, creating a real-time communication model among different components of a web application.The key features of SignalR Hubs, which facilitate real-time communication between the server and connected clients, include:<ul><li>Centralized Communication: Hubs serve as a centralized point for bidirectional communication, allowing clients to interact with each other and the server through the hub.</li><li>Hub Methods: Developers define methods on the server hub that clients can call, and vice versa. This makes it easy to invoke server-side logic from clients and vice versa.</li><li>Automatic Serialization: SignalR Hubs automatically handle the serialization and deserialization of messages, simplifying the process of passing complex data structures between the server and clients.</li><li>Groups: Hubs support the concept of groups, allowing clients to join specific groups. This enables targeted message broadcasting to members of a particular group.</li><li>Connection Lifecycle Events: Hubs provide methods that are called when clients connect or disconnect from the hub. This feature allows for additional logic to be executed during these connection lifecycle events.</li><li>Built-in Transports Abstraction: Hubs abstract away the details of underlying transport mechanisms, supporting various transport protocols such as WebSockets, Server-Sent Events (SSE), and long polling.</li><li>State Management: Hubs allow developers to manage state across connections, making it possible to track information about clients and maintain application state.</li><li>Reconnection Handling: SignalR Hubs handle client reconnections seamlessly, ensuring continuity in real-time communication even if a client temporarily loses connection.</li></ul><h2>5. Group in SignalR</h2>Group is a concept that helps organize and manage connections of clients. Each group has a unique name, and connections can join or leave the group. Using groups allows sending messages to all members within a group, managing the group's state, and facilitating interactions among its members.There are the basic methods of a group:<ul><li>AddToGroupAsync / RemoveFromGroupAsync</li></ul><img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-q5Krwy1LwYnyr683OMin6e313BmwH2aDoGf6kZ6O.png"><ul><li>SendToGroupAsync</li></ul><img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-rWckpTQW3NPclIQeqPLUOCxqHjxNhdhhVLTAunJO.png"><ul><li>GroupExcept (JavaScript client)</li></ul><img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-5LrWc4S76fEU5iQT5P1kLPXuyOiFqoYB5yDypTed.png"><ul><li>GroupAdd / GroupRemove (JavaScript client):</li></ul><img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-PXpfnc2EuBpjhsZXObKdR8Pyl9eXWlZ6nctqJez5.png"><ul><li>UserGroups (JavaScript client):</li></ul><img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-7oJeO5lUjrqPctH2Cw0yFa4UsGrX0N3ASGaVBlEX.png"><h2>6. Typical flow </h2>We create a SignalR Hub.<img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-F80FsVqI33UleePWe7gmmv7S8xeM5pA5uH3SLAt1.png">We configure SignalR in startup.cs class. <img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-TEF76GaXGzbDdsPztwxKuSmMVLGGAt18NjcgflML.png">We add client side SignalRWe connect client with SignalR<img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-SsUR1RsnMYp5daoTRDK3SsjWoV9RHcDU0mS5k67D.png">We handle hub events<img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-Wwu6o4OOQR5s4fEAhTjMsuJucCND5z3rG9flhziT.png">We invoke hub method<img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-reZUqHywy5LY8yyb6kRHxRhzQ9oYFQaUQmSZCADp.png"><h2>7. connection.invoke and connection.send, Clients.All and Clients.Client</h2>Invoke is used when you want to send a request from the client to the server and receive the result back from the server. It returns a Promise, allowing you to use async/await to handle the result.Send is used when you want to send a request from the client to the server but do not expect an immediate response from the server. It does not return a Promise.The choice between invoke and send depends on the specific requirements of the application. If you need to know the result of the request (such as sending a message and receiving a confirmation), you should use invoke. Conversely, if the request does not require immediate feedback, send might be a better choice to reduce latency and improve performance<img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-leVHMEbeLW5eZSSGqeM8O609eV7VbO08eIGO1oXw.png"><h2>8. Building a simple chat application with SignalR </h2>We create ChatHub  <img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-LGlEQgD5PQKFJqbw3tao6KpMRefOlU61MlwD41Xp.png">We config SignalR  <img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-cuehxW88L9AkGmbuLL4Yoid4Os20Y8APjIVHwo6p.png">We create Client UI and handle Client to connect with SignalR Hub<a href="https://github.com/saigontechnology/Blog-Resources/blob/main/DotNet/long.nguyendh/SignalRSample/Views/Home/Chat.cshtml">https://github.com/saigontechnology/Blog-Resources/blob/main/DotNet/long.nguyendh/SignalRSample/Views/Home/Chat.cshtml</a><a href="https://github.com/saigontechnology/Blog-Resources/blob/main/DotNet/long.nguyendh/SignalRSample/wwwroot/js/chat.js">https://github.com/saigontechnology/Blog-Resources/blob/main/DotNet/long.nguyendh/SignalRSample/wwwroot/js/chat.js</a>Resources:<ul><li><a href="https://github.com/saigontechnology/Blog-Resources/tree/main/DotNet/long.nguyendh">https://github.com/saigontechnology/Blog-Resources/tree/main/DotNet/long.nguyendh</a> </li></ul>References:<ul><li><a href="https://www.udemy.com/course/signalr-the-complete-guide/?couponCode=ACCAGE0923#overview">signalr-the-complete-guid udemy</a></li><li><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/signalr/introduction?view=aspnetcore-8.0&amp;WT.mc_id=dotnet-35129-website">SignalR Microsoft</a></li></ul></body></html>

What is a real-time application? What is signalR? How to build real-time applications by signalR? This article will help explore the main concepts and features of SignalR.

Real-time ASP.NET with SignalR

<html><body><h2>What is TPL Dataflow?</h2> TPL Dataflow (Task Parallel Library Dataflow) is a .NET Framework library designed for building robust and scalable concurrent data processing pipelines. It offers a declarative model in which you define a network of interconnected "blocks" that process and transport data, enabling efficient and flexible parallelism.Unlike the traditional programming model, which usually requires callbacks and synchronization objects, TPL Dataflow provides building blocks that allow you to construct a pipeline-like dataflow specifying how your data should be processed and the dependencies between your data. For example, we can create an image processing pipeline that processes an image using four blocks that connect. You can think of it as in the diagram below.<img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-CGIUr0NJHwe4MfQ0rWhCmarkFjt2Tj2LPwUUOO0t.png">Figure 1: Example diagram of a TPL Dataflow workflow<h2>How to use TPL Dataflow</h2>TPL Dataflow is not included by default. So, if we want to use it, we will have to install the NuGet package named System.Threading.Tasks.Dataflow. In .NET Core and later versions, we can use the dotnet CLI to install it using the command dotnet add package System.Threading.Tasks.Dataflow or by using the NuGet Package Manager.<h3>Source block</h3>As I have mentioned in the previous section, TPL Dataflow contains building blocks. If a block produces data, then we call it a source block. A block that receives data is called a target block.However, this distinction is only a relative concept because a block could send data (as a source block) to one block and receive data (as a target block) from another block. In this section, we will take a glance at the source block.It's defined by the interface ISourceBlock&lt;TOutput&gt;, in which TOutput is the type of output that the source produces. Microsoft has some predefined blocks that inherit from this interface. For example: BufferBlock&lt;T&gt;, BroadcastBlock&lt;T&gt;, TransformBlock&lt;T&gt;, TransformManyBlock&lt;T&gt;... However, you can also create your own block by creating a new class and implementing this interface. Here’s the structure of the ISourceBlock: <img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-pntJW25udCto1dcl9yFx4bS5BDOJPORbCiaQaKfW.png">Figure 2: Structure of the ISourceBlock interface<h3>Target block</h3>A target block receives data from another block and performs work based on that data. Similar to a source block, a target block is defined by the interface ITargetBlock&lt;TInput&gt;, in which TInput is the type of data it receives. If a class inherits from both ISourceBlock and ITargetBlock, we should inherit it from the IPropagatorBlock&lt;TInput, TOutput&gt; instead. This interface inherits from both the aforementioned interfaces and is usually used to express the intention of receiving and producing data. Here’s the structure of the ITargetBlock.<img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-mdFDxdbh4TmZlArlDRar9dZr6xPBzrKwRAa0YGRQ.png">Figure 3: Structure of the ITargetBlock interfaceAnd the structure of IPropagatorBlock:<img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-NNlizPNmYiLw1gSBf5cS2fowavrLo4qx9ASpoGlT.png">Figure 4: Structure of the IPropagatorBlock which simple inherits from ISourceBlock and ITargetBlock<h2>Receive/Send data to blocks</h2>TPL Dataflow provides methods so that we can send/receive data synchronously or asynchronously. To send/receive messages synchronously, we can use the methods Post and Receive, respectively.<img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-aZybbYRwdWLDzSF9h7qJMXRguAhlhcBUioVMhFbd.png">Figure 5: Example of sending and receiving a message in a TPL Dataflow block.The above code would output 1 on the console screen.Similarly, we can use the SendAsync and ReceiveAsync to send and receive data to the block asynchronously.<img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-dppIfhuF7deKQE5zx3bCoLHgQMxqXbgIX6AOAPjy.png">Figure 6: Example of sending and receiving a message in a TPL Dataflow block asynchronously.<h2>Predefined blocks</h2>In this section, I will introduce you to some predefined blocks that Microsoft has crafted for us. These blocks are general-purpose and usually take delegates as parameters so that we can define the underlying behavior.<h3>Buffering block</h3>The buffering block BufferBlock&lt;T&gt; is a general-purpose block that acts as a queue data structure, storing data in a FIFO (first in, first out) manner. It could be written by multiple blocks and read by multiple blocks as well. However, an individual message only gets delivered to one block.<img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-UWQAX931BZn2VsVRJDI5FloG6I9vipXftz3DEmEf.png">Figure 7: Example of using BufferBlockThe above code would output 1,2,3 respectively.<h3>Action block</h3>An ActionBlock is a target block that performs a predefined action upon receiving a message. For example, printing to the console, sending an email, or writing to a file.<img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-RApxfIs5reg1hqSuGjYpGdZJUNOAJ8CHqjhGUapW.png">Figure 8: Example of using an ActionBlockIn this example, we create a buffer block that receives messages and sends them to the action block. Note that we create an action block and pass an Action&lt;TInput&gt; into its constructor to define the behaviour. The action block prints 1, 2, and 3, respectively.<h3>Transform block</h3>A TransformBlock is a block that takes an input and produces some output depending solely on the given data. In other words, it could be considered the map() operator of a block.<img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-ZsHx93gmlkJnPv3qTvATKMZTriduMG47LCZ5CmPu.png">Figure 9: Example of using TransformBlockThe above example creates a transform block that takes an integer and produces a string with the format 'Here's the given number {}'. In this example, I made it simple and compact by using the synchronous version of the TransformBlock. However, we can also produce the output using asynchronous operations instead.<h2>Example use case and implementations</h2>In this section, we will piece everything from the previous section together to get a bigger picture of how it is used in the real world. This involves implementing a simple use case that makes everything clear.The use case is that we are writing code for a weathering system that receives a message containing a date as the payload. Upon retrieving the message, our system reacts by responding with the average temperature of the day it received to multiple media channels (Facebook, Telegram, Twitter).First, we will define the BufferBlock to handle all the messages that arrive<img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-8RmN4VpkGKN5F3mm84AiEx3VUiu8YYzmJYpgSgk6.png">Figure 10: Defining the buffer block to store incoming messages.Then, we define the next block that takes the data from the first block and performs a query based on the provided date.<img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-yGdVVWtQH4FNK0vSwRHIKbSuyyoBuuXjJqN8dC4V.png">Figure 11: Create a TransformBlock that returns the database on the provided inputWe will need another transform block to map the list of temperatures on a date to the average temperature. This piece of logic could be put together with the previous block. However, separating them would give us better control of individual logic, so I put it into another transform block instead.<img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-BhXXb2qFpdYHTBu51pGG2OJzCzxwcMxrfqQcF3JO.png">Figure 12: Creating another TransformBlock that takes a collection of temperatures and returns the average temperature.<img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-vsT8MEARLCiyVdwxcNdKh8JnPfgzux6M00DKRBT9.png">Figure 13: Creating 3 ActionBlock that simulate sending messages to media channels.Now, if you recall that we need to send to all three channels at the same time, we will have to define some mechanism that can do that. Luckily, we have the predefined BroadcastBlock that can handle this. We will first define a broadcast block and link it to the three blocks that we defined in the previous sections.<img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-mYvQsr3bcIp82HzkNOpJGVcqpBOkK8LYjDExTFU9.png">Figure 14: Defining a broadcast block.We’ve got everything we need, now it’s time to link everything together and run our application.<img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-YiSApsAMAcReUv6AaHibLwQ809AhU65PMh4obaQE.png">Figure 15: Link all the blocks and run the application.You should see the results printed out on the console. Because each block executes its action asynchronously and separately from each other, we don’t guarantee that the console prints out the messages in the order that they arrive. However, the behaviours of the program remains correct.<img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-M7LRZBcS8Gqu3KuA5oBeYZ7fNHA4PAjyorfomMPA.png">Figure 16: The result is printed on the console after running the application<h2>Conclusion</h2>Just like everything else, TPL also has its pros and cons. We have seen the cons in our journey; however, I would like to reiterate them here.Pros:<ul><li>It makes our code cleaner than the imperative way of synchronization, giving us more control over each individual process.</li><li>It's suitable for pipeline-like processing where we can split our process into smaller individual processes that could work independently from each other.</li><li>Dataflow works in a message-passing manner in which one block passes messages to another block. The work of each block is performed in its own context (thread) that could be controlled via ParallelismDegree, making the management of threads easier so we could focus better on our business.</li><li>It gives you Reactive programming to some degree where you could react to events.</li></ul>Cons:<ul><li>It gives you less control over the underlying synchronization. As I mentioned in previous sections when working with TPL Dataflow, you don't have to deal with all kinds of synchronization; however, it works on top of synchronization underneath. This gives us better focus on our business but less control over threading and tasks.</li><li>Even though it's suitable for parallel processing and you can control the degree of parallelism, if you use it the wrong way, it could result in performance loss.</li></ul>The source code used in this post can be found <a href="https://github.com/saigontechnology/Blog-Resources/tree/a99373882354e578cf37bd84ac97bc3c2225b7fb/DotNet/do.tran/Dataflow">here</a>.</body></html>

We have been writing imperative code with primitive synchronization since the first day. However, Microsoft has a hidden gem that also allows you to deal with asynchronous operations, helping you split complex tasks into small and manageable pieces. In this post, we will take a look at TPL Dataflow in .NET.

Introduction to TPL Dataflow in C#

Thanh Phamthi

Quoc Tran

A graph is a useful way to model many aspects of our daily lives. For example, we can use graphs to represent our social and professional connections, the path we take to commute, the phone network, and the flight options for our travels.

An introduction about Graph Database - Gremlin

<html><body><h2 style="text-align:justify;">1. What is a channel?</h2>Channels in C# are based on the concept of message passing, which means that the producer sends messages to the channel, and the consumer receives them. The messages can be of any type and they are stored in the channel until the consumer is ready to receive them. Channels can also have a bounded capacity, meaning that they can hold a fixed number of messages before blocking the producer until the consumer makes room for new messages.In this way, channels provide a simple yet powerful way to implement asynchronous communication and coordination between different parts of a program, and they are becoming increasingly popular in C# and other modern programming languages.Channels are implemented using the System.Threading.Channels namespace, which provides 2 types of Channels, including:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">UnboundedChannel: This type of Channel can hold unlimited messages.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">BoundedChannel: This type of Channel can only hold a limited amount of messages. We can configure the behavior when the queue is full using BoundedChannelOptions.FullMode. Besides, the library also let us configure more properties such as:</li><li style="text-align:justify;">SingleWriter: This doesn't force the runtime to accept only one writer and throw an exception if there is more than one writer to the Channel. If this property is set to true, the channel may be able to optimize some certain operations based on the assumption that there is only one writer.</li><li style="text-align:justify;">SingleReader: Same as SingleWriter but for reading side</li><li style="text-align:justify;">AllowSynchronousContinuations: Indicates that continuation could be invoked synchronously or not. The option is false by default. We should be careful and perform some measurements before and after turning this flag on.</li></ul><h2 style="text-align:justify;">2. Basic Usage</h2>In order to use the Channel. First, we create a Channel instance via Channel type’s static method like below.<img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-9ufxQdbsjPF2DajNxdF3Ky2cHT0HG5buAQeikSVO.png">Figure 01: Creating a Channel instanceIn the preceding example, we created an unbounded channel, it can send messages of type int.<img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-QeHHTvPRO04dhUkBiJbMLhXh7MRIF5PtIhk5auRO.png">Figure 02: Sending messages using Channel.Then, we can write some data on the writer part of the channel and read it using the reader part. We can also use channels for synchronization in a multi-threaded context.<img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-odkiAsIJ8aEePYoSz6D4mKkdgCUEUPY0jaLTKqgs.png">Figure 03: using Channel in a multi-threaded context.The preceding code created 2 threads, the first one reads from the channel and the second one writes to the channel. Only after the value is written into the channel by the writer thread, the reader thread can continue its work. We can think of Channel as a queue in this case, the reader attempts to read the message. At the time of reading, there's no message yet. Once the message arrives from the writer, the reader could continue to work on its task.<h2 style="text-align:justify;">3. Unbounded channel</h2>UnboundedChannel is a type of channel that provides an unbounded buffer for messages of type T. It is available in the System.Threading.Channels namespace and can be used to create a channel that can hold an unlimited number of messages. An UnboundedChannel can be useful in scenarios where the number of messages being produced is not known in advance, or where the producer and consumer are processing at different speeds. However, it is important to note that an unbounded channel can potentially consume a large amount of memory if the rate of production exceeds the rate of consumption, so it should be used with care.<img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-l4c00yg2SeGWvJDTBv5CRYQnB0Kr5zKApuRwDJsz.png">Figure 04: UnboundedChannel exampleThe example code above should print out "Received item 0", .... "Received item 100" as the same order messages were written.<h2 style="text-align:justify;">4. Bounded channel</h2>Same as UnboundedChannel, BoundedChannel is also a type of channel in C#. The only difference is that it provides a buffer of a fixed size for messages of type T. A bounded channel can be used in scenarios where there is a producer that is generating data at a faster rate than a consumer is processing it, or where a consumer is able to handle a fixed number of items at a time. By specifying a limit on the buffer size, a bounded channel can help to control the amount of memory that is consumed by the channel.<img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-KBgLl8fSZ0DPscL5CzeHoq6AmOZu4rOCdI6fo2nv.png">Figure 05: BoundedChannel exampleIf you notice, the example for BoundedChannel is exactly the same as UnboundedChannel in the previous section. The output is also exactly the same as the UnboundedChannel section.    The same behavior as UnboundedChannel occurred because the consumer is so fast that it could process all the messages as fast as the producer's speed. Let's tweak our code a bit to get some different behaviors. First, we could tweak the BoundedChannelOptions upon creating the channel and decide what happens to our messages when our buffer is full. Instead of using the constructor that takes an int as parameter.<img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-PnRoXUOUAyJlDBF97XCxPyKtJxsvu665aiSrHiv1.png">Figure 06: BoundedChannel which takes int as param in constructorWe use the other overload which takes BoundedChannelOptions<img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-Kfr5HmZm2QVI06Ce2TflaSFLZLqTZ734tXaWXUMR.png">Figure 07: Using the other overload for constructorThen, we also tweak the speed of our consumer to make the queue full<img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-OlcUozirjZt1MMPL3cYzVRfH9wwvlgPkykHYbdoj.png">Figure 08: Tweaking the consumer’s consumption speedWith the changes applied, the code should output only "Receive item: 0"..."Received item: 9". The BoundedChannelFullMode.DropWrite configures the channel to drop any new messages when the channel is full. Because the consumer is 10 times slower than the consumer, the queue is still holding 0...9 and being processed by our consumer. All the messages from 10..99 are dropped.We can also use other options to configure FullMode like DropOldest. Using this option will drop the first oldest message in the queue. Our code now should output only "90...99". We have another slightly different option is DropNewest. The newest message will be dropped when the queue is full and more messages arrive. In this case, the output is 0...8,99.In the next sections, I will give you some patterns that could be useful for real world scenarios.<h2 style="text-align:justify;">5. Single producer, Single consumer</h2><img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-yyRaBWNzyRUpU4MRzuVgylyTOKLQW1GzMzCYO6BY.png">Figure 09: Single producer single consumerIn this example, we create a producer and a consumer that barely keep up with each other. Just like the example in the previous section, we let them run concurrently and consume all the messages till complete. Once completed, we mark the writer of the channel as completed.<h2 style="text-align:justify;">6. Multiple producer, single consumers</h2><img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-MjdjSdQTfE2DLB66jQOzkC0uGcNRgAMNUgwOOBi7.png">Figure 10: Multi producer single consumerIn this example, we first create 1 producer and 1 consumer. Since the consumer's speed is much faster than the producer's speed, we add another producer to balance things better. In a real world scenario, we could use this pattern to utilize resources and increase throughput because the consumer is faster and could be idle most of the time.<h2 style="text-align:justify;">7. Single producer, Multiple consumer</h2><img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-ADyWmeOyhfkzh6pzRV8FdnsOJLUmlUfKaf8sM40e.png">Figure 11: Single producer multiple consumersThis example demonstrates a quite common scenario, the producer is fast and the consumer is much slower. In such cases, we could add more consumers to balance the differences between the consumer and producer. In our case above, by scaling up to 3 consumers, we could process 3 messages in parallel. Note that when we scale the consumer up to 3 instances, the consumer can't keep up the pace entirely with the producer. Since the channel is unbounded, running this for a long time could overwhelm the consumers.<h2 style="text-align:justify;">8. Conclusion</h2>In conclusion, channels in C# provide a powerful mechanism for implementing concurrent and asynchronous communication between different parts of a program. They allow for safe and efficient sharing of data between threads or asynchronous operations, without the need for complex synchronization mechanisms.Using channels, we can create flexible and responsive applications that can handle a high degree of concurrency and parallelism, while avoiding common pitfalls such as race conditions or deadlocks.The source code used in this post can be found <a href="https://github.com/dotransts/channel_example">here</a>.Source: https://saigontechnology.com/blog/implement-producerconsumer-patterns-using-channel-in-c</body></html>

In C#, Channel is a type that enables communication between two or more asynchronous operations or threads, allowing them to exchange data in a safe and efficient manner. In this post, demonstrate the use of it and the implementation of some patterns through a step-by-step guide.

Implement Producer/Consumer patterns using Channel in C#

Tech Lead

Phuong Bui

.NET Developer

Vu Truong

Senior Developer

Trung Tran

Tech lead

Wind

Long Nguyen

Business Analyst

Duong Dat Thanh

<html><body>1. Understand Time-scales: Before diving deep to Instant, let’s discover some time-scales. UT (Universal Time) is a time standard based on Earth's rotation, essentially measuring time as observed from the planet. It reflects the natural cycle of day and night but can vary slightly due to irregularities in Earth's rotation. TAI (Temps Atomique International or International Atomic Time) is a highly precise time standard based entirely on atomic clocks, specifically using the vibrations of Cesium-133 atoms. UTC (Coordinated Universal Time): is the global time standard and is the combination of UT and TAI. It is designed to be more consistent than UT by relying on precise atomic clocks (same as TAI).  Because of tidal acceleration, the Earth’s rotation is gradually slowing down. As a result, at some point some time, the day in UT (solar day) will get longer than today by one atomic second, which means some day’s length will be 86400 + 1 atomic second. The day that will last 1-atomic-second-longer than today. That day is not predictable and can only be figured out by measurement. To deal with the issue, UTC is synchronized with UT through the use of leap seconds, ensuring it stays within ±0.9 seconds of UT, which helps keep it in line with the natural day. As the Earth’s rotation is slowing down, UTC will only add a leap second to be consistent with UT. As an observation, the earth's rotational acceleration is on average 0.002 atomic seconds per day, which means 500 days or 1.5 years will end up with 1 atomic second. Let's take a example: Today, Tuesday, January 20, 2024, which is exactly 86400 atomic seconds. 1.5 years from now, Friday, January 02, 2026, a day will be 86400 + 1 atomic seconds. But the difference between UT and UTC should be within ±0.9 seconds, then at some point of time between today and Friday, January 02, 2026, a leap second will be added at the end of that day, which introduces the 61st second of a minute: yyyy-MM-ddT23:59:60Z. While UTC adds a leap second to be synchronized with UT, TAI, on the other hand, does not. As a result, time in UTC and TAI will be further and further apart. At this moment, TAI is 37 seconds ahead of UTC: <ul><li style="text-align:justify;">UTC: 2024-08-20 14:47:55Z </li><li style="text-align:justify;">TAI: 2024-08-20 14:48:32Z  </li><li style="text-align:justify;">See real-time gap here: <a href="http://leapsecond.com/java/gpsclock.htm">http://leapsecond.com/java/gpsclock.htm</a>  </li></ul>Java Time-scale Although Instant represents a point in time in UTC, it follows a 99%-like UTC time-scale, called Java Time-scale. In Java Time-scale, one day includes exactly 86,400 seconds without a leap second. If a day in UTC contains a leap second, that leap second will be spread equally over the last 1000 seconds of the day, maintaining the appearance of exactly 86400 seconds per day. 2. How Instant is stored in Java Application Instant is an object that: <ul><li style="text-align:justify;">represents a point in time in UTC since 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z, we call 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z an EPOCH. </li><li style="text-align:justify;">with nanosecond precision. </li></ul>To represent a point in time, Instant introduces: <pre><code class="language-plaintext">/**  
* The number of seconds from the epoch of 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z.  
*/  
private final long seconds; </code></pre><ul><li style="text-align:justify;">seconds is the number of seconds from the EPOCH.  </li></ul>If seconds are negative, the instant is before the EPOCH. If seconds are positive, the instant is after the EPOCH. Despite Long.MIN_VALUE is -9,223,372,036,854,775,808, the minimum supported epoch second is -31,557,014,167,219,200, which is -1000000000-01-01T00:00Z (one billion year in the past) and the maximum supported epoch second is 31,556,889,864,403,199, which is 1000000000-12-31T23:59:59Z (the end of 1 billion years in the future). To represent a point in time with nanosecond precision, Instant introduces: <pre><code class="language-plaintext">/**  
* The number of nanoseconds, later along the time-line, from the seconds field.  
* This is always positive, and never exceeds 999,999,999.  
*/  
private final int nanos; </code></pre><ul><li style="text-align:justify;">nanos is always positive, and never bigger than 999,999,999 </li></ul>Some reasons why min/max supported epoch seconds is not Long.MAX/MIN_VALUE: From a usage perspective: <ul><li style="text-align:justify;">The universe is said to be aged 13.7 billion years old; Long.MIN_VALUE will introduce the time since more than 292 billion years. -&gt; Long.MIN_VALUE is not practical. </li><li style="text-align:justify;">292 billion years in the future (which is Long.MAX_VALUE) is an extreme value (compared to human lifetime), making it not practical either. </li><li style="text-align:justify;">According to research, the first humans emerged in Africa around 2 million years ago, so there should not be much historical data that modern-universal applications should deal with.</li></ul><figure class="image"><img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/Why-epoch-seconds-limits-are-not-long.max-min-value-CyrT3tzrMHPr1rGc2zUR0pnPNQWdhdbmKKBY8e53.webp"></figure><ul><li style="text-align:justify;">±1 billion of year make it have a good buffer in long type and make the year (1 billion) fit in an int. </li></ul>From a technical perspective: <ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Storing extreme value will easily cause exceptions. I asked ChatGPT to calculate the instant of Long.MIN_VALUE, ChatGPT could not answer due to an Overflow issue.</li></ul><figure class="image"><img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/calculate-the-instant-of-Long.MIN_VALUE-jWF0AC5aTwa6CQqYCifAZQX00l4fjUhPAzaMX7fM.webp"></figure><ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Limiting the range of value to be far away from the edge will help operations like addition, subtraction, and comparison can be performed safely. </li><li style="text-align:justify;">Storing extremely large values can pose challenges in serialization, database storage, and data transmission. </li></ul>3. Instant.now() Returns the current moment in UTC with precision in: <ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Millisecond: Java 8 </li><li style="text-align:justify;">Microsecond: Java 9, Java 11 </li><li style="text-align:justify;">Nanosecond: Java 17+ </li></ul>Use the below code snippet to run on <a href="https://www.jdoodle.com/online-java-compiler">https://www.jdoodle.com/online-java-compiler</a> with each JDK, you’ll see the difference. <pre><code class="language-plaintext">import java.time.Instant;  
 
public class MyClass {  
 
    public static void main(String args[]) {  
        Instant instant = Instant.now();  
        System.out.println(instant);  
        //2024-08-19T15:47:28.487729962Z  
    }  
} </code></pre>The precision of  Instant.now() can vary between different JVMs and OS/Hardware. On some platforms, you might observe higher precision, while on others, it may be lower. Behind the Scenes of Instant.now() The Instant.now() method provides a seemingly straightforward way to retrieve the current moment in time. But what happens beneath the surface? Let's delve into the intricate workings of this method:   <pre><code class="language-plaintext">//This is simplified implementation from Clock.java without retry  
static Instant currentInstant() {  
    long localOffset = System.currentTimeMillis() / 1000 - 1024;  
    long adjustment = VM.getNanoTimeAdjustment(localOffset);  
    return Instant.ofEpochSecond(localOffset, adjustment);  
} </code></pre> Setting the Local Offset: The code starts by calculating a preliminary offset from the current system time. This offset, represented by localOffset, is obtained by dividing the system time in milliseconds (System.currentTimeMillis()) by 1000 (to convert milliseconds to seconds) and then subtracting 1024 seconds (approximately 17 minutes and 4 seconds). Fine-Tuning with Nanosecond Adjustment: The VM.getNanoTimeAdjustment(localOffset) method is called. This method interacts with the underlying system to determine the precise nanosecond adjustment needed to convert the localOffset to the current UTC time. The returned value, nanoTimeAdjustment, represents the time difference (in nanoseconds) between localOffset and the actual UTC time. Constructing the Instant: Finally, an Instant object is created using the localOffset (seconds since the epoch) and the nanoTimeAdjustment (nanoseconds within the second). Example Breakdown: Imagine the current UTC time is 2024-08-20T15:59:50.123Z, which translates to epoch milliseconds of 1724144390123. Below is how currentInstant() would run: <pre><code class="language-plaintext">long localOffset = System.currentTimeMillis() / 1000 - 1024;  
 
// localOffset = 1724144390123 / 1000 - 1024 = 1724143366  
long adjustment = VM.getNanoTimeAdjustment(localOffset);  
 
// 1024044595000  
return Instant.ofEpochSecond(localOffset, adjustment);  
 
// Instant.ofEpochSecond(1724143366, 1024044595000);   
// 2024-08-20T09:12:18.044595Z </code></pre>Nanosecond Adjustment: Suppose VM.getNanoTimeAdjustment(1724143366) returns 1024044595000, which equates to 1024.044595 seconds. The Catch: While the returned value appears to provide nanosecond precision (due to the decimal component), closer inspection reveals that the last three digits are zeros. This implies that the underlying system can only guarantee accuracy up to milliseconds. The Resulting Instant: Instant.ofEpochSecond(1724143366, 1024044595000) This translates to an Instant object representing 2024-08-20T09:12:18.044595Z. However, it's crucial to remember that the nanosecond precision might not be entirely reliable due to the system limitations. In essence, Instant.now() provides a convenient way to access the current time with nanosecond precision (in theory). However, the underlying system might restrict the actual accuracy to milliseconds. Remember, this explanation is for educational purposes and might not reflect the exact implementation details in all Java environments. 4. Conclusion  In conclusion, java.time.Instant is a powerful class that represents a specific point on the timeline, measured to the nanosecond. It offers a reliable way to work with timestamps in UTC, making it ideal for applications that require precise time measurements. With its immutable nature and comprehensive API, Instant simplifies handling of time data in Java, whether you're recording events, synchronizing across time zones, or performing time-based calculations. By leveraging Instant, developers can ensure accurate and consistent time management in their applications, paving the way for robust and future-proof solutions. Thank you all for reading all the way down to this. This article is just the beginning of java.time, let’s wait for upcoming posts! Reference: <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/docs/api/java.base/java/time/Instant.html">https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/docs/api/java.base/java/time/Instant.html</a> https://www.timeanddate.com/time/aboututc.html </body></html>

The Instant class in Java is immutable and thread-safe, making it ideal for use in time-sensitive applications where absolute time without any time zone considerations is needed. Let’s give Instant a closer look today.

Deep dive into java.time: Instant

<html><body>In recent years, AI development has rapidly evolved from simple, single-purpose tools to more complex, intelligent systems. As we enter 2025, multi-agent systems (MAS) stand at the forefront of this evolution, offering significant advantages over traditional monolithic AI approaches. This article explores the rise of multi-agent systems, their benefits compared to “godlike” single agents, and how choosing the right agent for each task creates optimal balance between cost, speed, and quality. Understanding Multi-Agent Systems A multi-agent system consists of multiple specialized AI agents that work together to accomplish tasks that would be difficult or inefficient for a single agent to handle alone. Unlike traditional “godlike” models that attempt to excel at everything, multi-agent systems distribute responsibilities among specialized components.<figure class="image"><img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/Multi-Agent-Systems-1-sFycV6JisNQva1mcCJbZDlexmbHmJ1aJzqrGM9U6.webp"></figure>Each agent in the system focuses on specific skills or domains, such as: <ul><li>Architects: Design high-level systems and evaluate technical approaches </li><li>Technical leads: Implement code and manage technical details </li><li>Documentation experts: Create clear explanations and user guides </li><li>Analysis specialists: Process and interpret complex data </li><li>Customer support agents: Handle user inquiries and issues </li></ul>These specialized agents communicate through a coordination mechanism, often managed by an orchestrator or agent manager that routes tasks appropriately. The Limitations of “Godlike” Single Agents Traditional “godlike” AI models attempt to handle all possible tasks through a single, large, general-purpose model. While impressive in their versatility, these approaches face several significant challenges: <ul><li>Resource intensity: Larger models require more computational power, memory, and energy </li><li>Jack of all trades, master of none: Performance on specialized tasks often suffers </li><li>Inefficient resource allocation: Using powerful models for simple tasks wastes resources </li><li>Scaling difficulties: Adding new capabilities often requires retraining the entire model </li><li>Limited specialization: Cannot fully optimize for domain-specific knowledge </li></ul>These limitations become increasingly problematic as AI systems tackle more complex, varied tasks in production environments. Benefits of Multi-Agent Systems The multi-agent approach offers several compelling advantages over monolithic systems: 1. Specialized Expertise Multi-agent systems allow for deep specialization, with each agent focusing on what it does best. Just as human organizations benefit from specialists in different roles, multi-agent AI systems leverage targeted expertise for superior results.  <figure class="image"><img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/Multi-Agent-Systems-2-Py5J2viN7zrUTZMrItm9KM6P9YYxprleKL7s6s7W.webp"></figure>2. Resource Optimization Perhaps the most significant practical benefit is resource optimization. In a multi-agent system, computational resources are allocated according to need: <ul><li>Simple tasks use lightweight models that consume fewer tokens and less processing power </li><li>Complex tasks engage more powerful models only when necessary </li><li>Overall system efficiency improves through appropriate resource allocation </li></ul>Consider this real-world comparison of resource usage: <figure class="table"><table><tbody><tr><td>Task Type </td><td>“Godlike” Agent </td><td>Multi-Agent System </td></tr><tr><td>Simple FAQ response </td><td>Uses full-sized model (high cost) </td><td>Uses small specialized model (low cost) </td></tr><tr><td>Complex reasoning </td><td>Uses full-sized model </td><td>Uses large specialized model </td></tr><tr><td>Mixed workflow </td><td>Uses full-sized model for all steps </td><td>Distributes tasks to appropriate models </td></tr></tbody></table></figure>3. Improved Fault Tolerance Multi-agent systems exhibit greater fault tolerance through their distributed nature. If one agent fails, others can continue functioning, often with minimal impact on the overall system. This creates more reliable systems, especially for critical applications. 4. Faster Innovation and Integration Adding new capabilities to a multi-agent system doesn’t require retraining the entire model. Instead, new specialized agents can be developed independently and integrated into the existing framework. This accelerates innovation and allows for more agile development. 5. Enhanced Collaboration Multi-agent systems mirror human teamwork, with different specialists collaborating on complex problems. This collaborative approach often produces better outcomes than having a single entity attempt to master all aspects of a problem. <figure class="image"><img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/Multi-Agent-Systems-3-1536x513-1A5hYjGAC44iyFLCEiHjZvG6ShHSOF0mNXMiXsha.webp"></figure>Real-World Example: Multi-Agent Repository Analysis The example repository in this article provides a practical example of multi-agent architecture in action. The system includes: <ol><li>An AgentManager that coordinates between different specialized agents </li><li>A base Agent class that defines core functionality shared by all agents </li><li>Specialized agents like ArchitectAgent, TechLeadAgent, and DocumentationAgent </li><li>A handoff mechanism that routes tasks to the most appropriate agent </li></ol>This implementation demonstrates how multi-agent systems can efficiently distribute responsibilities, with each agent registering only the tools it needs for its specific domain. Choosing the Right Agent and Model A critical aspect of effective multi-agent systems is selecting the right specialized agent and underlying model for each task. This selection process requires balancing three key factors: 1. Cost Considerations AI model usage costs vary significantly based on model size, token usage, and processing requirements. Multi-agent systems can optimize costs by deploying: <ul><li>Smaller, more efficient models for routine tasks </li><li>Larger, more powerful models only when necessary </li><li>The right-sized model for each specific function </li></ul>2. Speed Requirements Different tasks have different latency requirements: <ul><li>Customer-facing interactions may require near-instant responses </li><li>Background analysis can tolerate longer processing times </li><li>Critical operations may need to balance speed with accuracy </li></ul>Multi-agent systems can prioritize speed where it matters most while allowing more processing time for complex operations that require it. 3. Quality Demands Quality requirements also vary by task: <ul><li>Some operations require perfect accuracy (financial calculations, medical diagnostics) </li><li>Others can tolerate occasional imperfections (creative suggestions, non-critical analyses) </li><li>Many tasks fall somewhere in between </li></ul><figure class="image"><img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/Multi-Agent-Systems-4-JWi19FKtt4Or5QlZAXslUJpBak5wp0kfEmjX0RtD.webp"></figure>Effective multi-agent systems match quality levels to actual requirements rather than applying the highest possible quality standard universally. The Future of Multi-Agent Systems in 2025 As we progress through 2025, multi-agent systems are becoming increasingly sophisticated. According to recent research and industry trends: <ol><li>Orchestration will become more intelligent: Agent managers will evolve from simple routers to sophisticated coordinators that optimize workflows in real-time </li><li>Models will be precisely matched to tasks: Systems will automatically select and configure the optimal model for each specific task based on complexity, importance, and resource availability </li><li>Agent-to-agent collaboration will increase: Rather than simple handoffs, agents will work collaboratively, sharing information and building on each other’s outputs </li><li>Enterprise adoption will accelerate: Organizations will increasingly shift from single-model approaches to multi-agent systems for mission-critical applications </li><li>Customization will become standard: Systems will allow organizations to easily configure agent teams for their specific industry needs and use cases </li></ol>Conclusion Multi-agent systems represent the natural evolution of AI from powerful but inefficient general-purpose models to optimized, collaborative specialist teams. By distributing tasks among specialized agents and selecting the right model for each job, these systems deliver better results with lower resource requirements. As we continue through 2025, expect to see multi-agent architectures become the standard approach for complex AI implementations, with specialized agents working together to tackle increasingly challenging problems. Organizations that adopt this approach will gain significant advantages in cost efficiency, performance, and capability compared to those relying on traditional single-agent models. By understanding the importance of choosing the right agent and model for each task, AI architects can build systems that effectively balance cost, speed, and quality—achieving optimal results while maximizing resource efficiency. References Academic and Industry Sources <ol><li>Salesforce. (2025). Future of AI Agents 2025. <a href="https://www.salesforce.com/news/stories/future-of-ai-agents-2025/">https://www.salesforce.com/news/stories/future-of-ai-agents-2025/</a> </li><li>Disaster Recovery Journal. (2025). The Year of Multi-Agent Systems. <a href="https://drj.com/industry_news/2025-the-year-of-multi-agent-systems/">https://drj.com/industry_news/2025-the-year-of-multi-agent-systems/</a> </li><li>InclusionCloud. (2025). What Are Multiagent Systems? The Future of AI in 2025. <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/what-multiagent-systems-future-ai-2025-inclusioncloud-s8kzf">https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/what-multiagent-systems-future-ai-2025-inclusioncloud-s8kzf</a> </li><li>InData Labs. (2025). Multi-Agent AI Benefits, Advantages &amp; Developments. Retrieved from <a href="https://indatalabs.com/blog/multi-agent-ai">https://indatalabs.com/blog/multi-agent-ai</a> </li><li>Digital Ocean. (2025). Single-Agent vs Multi-Agent Systems: Two Paths for the Future of AI. Retrieved from <a href="https://www.digitalocean.com/resources/articles/single-agent-vs-multi-agent">https://www.digitalocean.com/resources/articles/single-agent-vs-multi-agent</a> </li><li>IBM. (2025). AI Agents in 2025: Expectations vs. Reality. Retrieved from <a href="https://www.ibm.com/think/insights/ai-agents-2025-expectations-vs-reality">https://www.ibm.com/think/insights/ai-agents-2025-expectations-vs-reality</a> </li><li>OpenAI. (2025). New tools for building agents. Retrieved from <a href="https://openai.com/index/new-tools-for-building-agents/">https://openai.com/index/new-tools-for-building-agents/</a> </li></ol>Implementation Example 8. Multi-Agent System Repository: <a href="https://github.com/daltonnyx/swissknife/">https://github.com/daltonnyx/swissknife/</a>   This repository demonstrates a practical implementation of a multi-agent system with specialized agents (Architect, TechLead, Documentation) and an agent manager that handles coordination and handoffs. Additional Resources 9. MIT Technology Review. (2025). The collaborative future of artificial intelligence. [Publication details to be added] 10. Stanford HAI. (2025). Multi-agent systems: Towards more resilient AI. [Publication details to be added] Note: Some references from 2025 represent projected publications and developments as part of the forward-looking nature of this article. </body></html>

Discover how Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) are revolutionizing AI in 2025! Learn why specialized AI agents outperform traditional "godlike" AI, offering enhanced efficiency and scalability. Explore the key benefits of MAS, including optimized resource allocation and improved fault tolerance. Understand how strategic agent and model selection can balance cost, speed, and quality for your AI projects. Stay ahead of the curve with insights into the future of AI and the growing adoption of MAS in enterprise applications.

Multi-Agent Systems: The Future of AI Collaboration

<html><body><h2>1. Giới Thiệu Về SOLID</h2>Phần lớn ai trong chúng ta đã ít nhiều đã nghe qua các nguyên lý như là: Nguyên Lý Chuồng Bồ Câu, Nguyên Lý Tảng Băng Trôi…Trong ngành công nghệ phần mềm của chúng ta cũng có một nguyên lý đó là Nguyên Lý Thiết Kế Hướng Đối Tượng SOLID. Đầu tiên mình xin chia sẻ cách mình hiểu về chữ “nguyên lý”. Với mình nguyên lý là lý thuyết được đúc kết từ kinh nghiệm thực tiễn chỉ ra những nguyên tắc đúng đắn. Lấy ví dụ: Đặt N con chim bồ câu vào M cái chuồng với điều kiện N &gt; M thì ít nhất sẻ có một cái chuồng có nhiều hơn một con chim bồ câu. Trước hết anh em coder hãy cùng nhau tìm hiểu về SOLID để biết xem em nó là gì. Các nguyên lý SOLID được giới thiệu lần đầu tiên vào năm 2000 bởi Robert C.Martin với cái tên thiện lành chú Bob (Uncle Bob) - tác giả của nhiều cuốn sách nổi tiếng về Clean Code, Clean Architect… và SOLID chính là chữ viết tắt của các nguyên lý sau: <ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Single Responsibility Principle</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Open-Closed Principle</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Liskov Substitution Principle</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Interface Segregation Principle</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Dependency Inversion Principle</li></ul> Nguyên Lý Thiết Kế Hướng Đối Tượng SOLID chính là những kinh nghiệm được các thế hệ đi trước rút ra trong quá trình chinh chiến trên các dự án thực tiễn. Các nguyên lý này chỉ ra cho mình cách để thiết kế code có hiệu quả hơn. Hiệu quả ở đây có nghĩa là: dễ đọc, dễ hiểu, dễ kiểm thử…và đặc biệt dễ bảo trì. Giờ mình sẽ cùng nhau tìm hiểu qua từng nguyên lý của SOLID. <h2 style="text-align:justify;">2. Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)</h2>Nguyên lý đầu tiên tương ứng với chữ S trong SOLID có nội dung như sau:“A class should have one and only one reason to change, meaning that a class should have only one job.”<img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-eAWTPK0qDTEC44wBMFtAWbmVljalfNDdqSKPxcug.png">Free source: <a href="https://codingjourneyman.com/2015/02/11/solid-single-responsibility-principle/">https://codingjourneyman.com/2015/02/11/solid-single-responsibility-principle/</a> Nguyên lý nói rằng một class chỉ nên có một và chỉ một lý do để thay đổi, điều đó có nghĩa là một class chỉ nên chịu trách nhiệm một công việc nào đó mà thôi. Điểm chính ở đây là mọi thứ trong class phải liên quan đến một mục đích chứ đừng hiểu nhầm thành trong một class chỉ có thể chứa một thuộc tính hoặc một phương thức nhé.Mình sẽ lấy ví dụ cho các bạn dễ hiểu: <pre><code class="language-plaintext">public class FinancialReport {
	public void loadDataFromDatabase();
	public void exportDataToPDF();
	public void dataMining();
}</code></pre>Class FinancialReport đang giữ đến ba chức năng. Nếu mình thay đổi cơ sở dữ liệu hoặc thay đổi cách export data thì mình phải sửa đổi class này. Nếu trong tương lai lại có thêm nhiều tính năng thì class sẽ ngày càng phình to ra. Suy ra, class FinancialReport đã vi phạm nguyên lý SRP. Giờ mình sẽ áp dụng nguyên lý SRP để sữa lại class này. Ta có thể tách class này ra làm ba Class riêng, mỗi class chỉ làm một nhiệm vụ duy nhất. Tuy số lượng class của chúng ta tăng lên nhưng code sẽ rõ ràng hơn, dễ đọc hơn. Và nếu muốn sửa code trong một class nào đó thì cũng không ảnh hưởng đến các class còn lại.Đến đây sẽ có một hiểu nhầm nữa của developer là lo sợ số lượng class tăng lên sẽ không tốt. Đừng lo nhé, vấn đề thực sự nằm ở số lượng dòng code của từng class. Tuy số lượng class sẽ tăng nhiều hơn nhưng việc sửa chữa sẽ đơn giản hơn, dễ dàng tái sử dụng hơn, class ngắn hơn nên cũng ít bug hơn. Trong trường hợp bạn có apply Unit Test thì việc áp dụng SRP cũng hạn chế rất nhiều việc sửa lại các hàm test.<h2 style="text-align:justify;">3. Open-Closed Principle (OCP)</h2>Nguyên lý thứ hai chính là chữ O trong SOLID có nội dung như sau:“Objects or entities should be open for extension, but closed for modification.”<img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-UAO7ceiAejNz3SIcEXWrWqwum9i5HsDq0NRTYpPv.png">Free source: <a href="https://self-learning-java-tutorial.blogspot.com/">https://self-learning-java-tutorial.blogspot.com/</a>Chúng ta có thể “mạnh dạng” mở rộng class một cách thoải mái, nhưng đừng sửa code nó. Trong ngành lập trình của chúng ta có một nguyên tắc bất di bất dịch đó là cái gì nó đang work tốt thì đừng có đụng vào.Trong thực tế, chúng ta hay thay đổi chức năng đã có, thêm chức năng mới, hoặc xóa luôn chức năng đó. Việc đó ảnh hưởng rất lớn đến chương trình đang chạy. Việc thêm bớt dù chỉ một dòng code cũng bắt buộc ta phải test lại toàn bộ chức năng. Vì thế, khi code chúng ta cố gắng đừng sửa class có sẵn mà hãy xem xét có thể mở rộng class được không. Tạo class mới trên nền class cũ giúp chúng ta hạn chế việc làm cho những thứ có sẵn bị lỗi, chúng ta chỉ cần tập trung lo cho tính năng mới.Mình sẽ lấy một ví dụ để minh họa việc vi phạm nguyên lý OCP<pre><code class="language-plaintext">public class Shape {
    public double height;
    public double width;
    public double radius;
    public double area(String shapeType){
        if(shapeType.equals("rectangle")){
            return this.height*width;
        }else if (shapeType.equals("circle")){
            return 3.14*radius*radius;
        }
        return 0.0;
    }
}</code></pre>Với cách viết này, code vẫn chạy ngon lành tuy nhiên trong trường hợp chúng ta muốn tính thêm diện tích của hình tam giác, hình than…thì chúng ta phải thêm các thuộc tính tương ứng cũng như là phải thêm nhiều đoạn if-else statement. Làm cho class ngày càng phình ra, rối ren và việc kiểm thử cũng trở nên phức tạp hơn. Giờ mình sẽ apply giải pháp của OCP xem như thế nào nhé.<pre><code class="language-plaintext">public abstract class Shape{
    public double height;
    public double width;
    public abstract double area(String shapeType);
}
public class Rectangle extends Shape{
    @Override
    public double area(String shapeType){
        return this.height*width;
    }
}
public class Triangle extends Shape{
    public double radius;
    @Override
    public double area(String shapeType){
        return this.radius*this.radius*3.14;
    }
}</code></pre>Bằng cách sử dụng tính năng Inheritance trong OOP để hiện thức hóa OCP. Mỏi khi chúng ta cần tính diện tích cho một loại Shape nào đó chúng ta chỉ việc vào thêm class mới. Điều này trách việc chúng ta phải modify trực tiếp vào class Shape như phương pháp củ.<h2 style="text-align:justify;">4. Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)</h2>Nguyên lý thứ ba tương ứng với chữ L trong SOLID có nội dung như sau:“Objects in a program should be replaceable with instances of their subtypes without altering the correctness of that program.” <img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-Ab8zLRAXxmTHdTOZ8nEN3cNngyVhxthbJK3lg62M.png"> Free source: <a href="https://www.vectorstock.com/">https://www.vectorstock.com/</a>Các đối tượng có kiểu class cha trong chương trình có thể được thay thế bằng các đối tượng có kiểu class con của nó mà không thay đổi tính đúng đắn của chương trình.Nghe có vẻ rắc rối và trừu tượng quá. Theo mình hiểu nguyên lý này có ý nghĩa là các class con phải có cùng bản chất với class cha. Mình cùng xem qua một ví dụ như sau. Giả xử, mình có class Bird. Dĩ nhiên Bird thì có thể bay lượn bằng đôi cánh. Vậy các class con của Bird có thể là class Pigeon, class Eagle. Nhưng class AirPlane thì không thể là class con của Bird được. Mặc dù em nó cũng có cánh và biết bay, tuy nhiên em nó bay bằng động cơ. Cần phải có động cơ, có nhiên liệu thì máy bay mới có thể bay được. Trong ngữ cảnh này, nếu mình dùng AirPlane đại diện cho Bird thì nó không hợp lý.<h2 style="text-align:justify;">5. Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)</h2>Nguyên lý thứ tư chính là chữ I trong SOLID có nội dung như sau:“Many client-specific interfaces are better than one general-purpose interface”<img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-XedrebjOPnsOayeLh1G2C01RmMLraSdF40zUtqJn.png">Free source: <a href="https://www.lvguowei.me/">https://www.lvguowei.me/</a>Tách ra nhiều interface nhỏ với các mục đích cụ thể thì tốt hơn là sử dụng chung một interface lớn.Đây là một trong những nguyên lý dễ hiểu nhất trong SOLID. Đọc sao hiểu y như vậy. Đôi lúc do trong quá trình code mình tạo một interface, sau đó khi có yêu cầu thêm tính năng mới, anh em developer nhà mình cứ tiện tay thêm một abstract method vào interface cho “tiện”. Đến một lúc nào đó interface phình to ra, và có những class nó chỉ cần sử dụng một hoặc hai method trong interface nhưng phải override hết tất cả các hàm trong interface đó. SoS căng rồi đây. Anh em mình cùng nhìn qua ví dự như sau: <pre><code class="language-plaintext">public interface DatabaseConnection{
    void connect();
    void readData();
    void exportData();
    void insertData();
    void updateData();
}
public class MySQLConnection implements DatabaseConnection{
    @Override
    public void connect(){}
    @Override
    public void readData(){}
    @Override
    public void exportData(){}
    @Override
    public void insertData(){}
    @Override
    public void updateData(){}
}</code></pre> Ở đây class MySQLConnection chỉ làm đúng một nhiệm vụ là connect tới Database nhưng nó lại phải override tất cả các method của interface DatabaseConnection. Từ nay, mình nên chia tay cách coding này nha các bạn. Hãy tách ra thành nhiều interface khác nhau mỏi interface nên tuân thủ nguyên lý SRP để tránh việc tách quá nhiều interface.<h2 style="text-align:justify;">6. Dependency inversion principle (DIP/DI)</h2>Nguyên lý cuối cùng chính là chữ D trong SOLID có nội dung như sau:“High-level modules should not depend on low-level modules. Both should depend on abstractions.Abstractions should not depend upon details. Details should depend upon abstractions.”<img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-ZEVOnRLEk6dO86V0cXpp8h0HG1agGNX2MYhrhFwX.png">Free source: <a href="https://www.expertreviews.co.uk/">https://www.expertreviews.co.uk/</a>Các module cấp cao không phụ thuộc vào module cấp thấp, cả hai phụ thuộc vào các abstraction (abstract classes và interfaces). Các abstraction không phụ thuộc vào chi tiết mà chi tiết mà nên phụ thuộc vào các abstraction Trời ơi, nó còn hại não hơn Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP). Cái gì mà abstraction rồi low-level rồi high-level. Thật ra đây mới chính là chân lý mà các tiền bối đi trước đã để lại cho thế hệ của chúng ta. Mục đích chính của nguyên lý này là giảm sự phụ thuộc giữa các class với nhau. Vậy câu hỏi đặt ra là tại sao lại cần giảm sự phụ thuộc làm gì? Giảm sự phụ thuộc sẻ giúp chúng ta dễ dàng thay đổi, đem lại tính flexible cho chương trình.  Lấy ví dụ trên chính cái laptop của chúng ta. Ngày nay, hầu như tất cả các laptop đều tương thích với hầu hết các loại mouse khác nhau. Mình có thể dùng mouse của thương hiệu Logitech, hoặc mouse của thương hiệu Razer…Cả hai đều chạy tốt với laptop của chúng ta. Dễ dàng nhận thấy rằng giữa laptop và mouse không có một sự ràng buộc cố định. Mình có thể dễ dàng kết nối mouse vào laptop vì nó chỉ quan tâm tới interface (ở đây chính là giao thức kết nối). Nó không quan tâm tới implementation. Trong lập trình cũng vậy, cần vận dụng triệt để interface và abstract class vào quá trình thiết kế code để tạo tính flexible cho source code. Sau này nếu cần thay đổi thì mình chỉ việc coding cho phần implementation. Các bạn đừng nhầm lẫn giữa Dependency Inversion và Dependency Injection. Mình sẽ có một bài chi tiết về  Dependency Injection sau nhé. Qua bài viết mình đã giới thiệu về năm nguyên lý của SOLID:<ul><li style="text-align:justify;">Single Responsibility Principle</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Open-Closed Principle</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Liskov Substitution Principle</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Interface Segregation Principle</li><li style="text-align:justify;">Dependency Inversion Principle</li></ul>Nắm vững kiến thức về SOLID chắc chắn sẽ giúp anh em dev trở nên chuyên nghiệp trong lĩnh vực lập trình và hy vọng với bài viết này mình có thể góp thêm chút kiến thức vào cộng động lập trình và hơn hết chúng ta cần phải “lận lưng” vài nguyên lý nhằm mục đích trở thành lập trình viên chân chính với slogan “requirement đến là đón, requirement change là code”. Hẹn gặp lại trong chủ đề tiếp theo nha!</body></html>

Bài viết này mình tập trung chủ yếu vào các nguyên lý của SOLID.  Nhằm hướng dẫn cho anh em lập trình viên nhà mình có một cái nhìn tổng quan về SOLID chẳng hạn như: SOLID là gì? Lợi hại của SOLID? Hy vọng có thể support được mọi người có thêm kiến thức về các nguyên lý thiết kế code.

&lt;html&gt;&lt;body&gt;&lt;h2&gt;1. Design Patterns l&agrave; g&igrave; nhỉ?&nbsp;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tổng quan th&igrave; Design Patterns như một c&ocirc;ng thức để ta c&oacute; thể &aacute;p dụng v&agrave;o giải quyết một số vấn đề cụ thể trong lập tr&igrave;nh, cụ thể l&agrave; Lập tr&igrave;nh hướng đối tượng (OOP). N&oacute; l&agrave; những giải ph&aacute;p đ&atilde; được đ&uacute;c kết v&agrave; tối ưu h&oacute;a cho c&aacute;c trường hợp cụ thể. Thay v&igrave; phải t&igrave;m c&aacute;ch tối ưu h&oacute;a, tổ chức code lại từ đầu, th&igrave; bạn đơn giản c&oacute; thể &aacute;p dụng c&aacute;c Design Patterns ph&ugrave; hợp v&agrave; đ&atilde; được tối ưu cho trường hợp bạn gặp phải. Từ định nghĩa đ&oacute; ta c&oacute; thể thấy được một số t&igrave;nh huống m&agrave; Design Patterns c&oacute; thể ph&aacute;t huy sức mạnh tối đa của n&oacute;:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;Bạn gặp một t&igrave;nh huống phức tạp khi lập tr&igrave;nh. Đừng lo, khả năng cao đ&atilde; c&oacute; một (hoặc c&oacute; thể l&agrave; một v&agrave;i) Design Patterns c&oacute; thể giải quyết vấn đề của bạn thật đơn giản v&agrave; gọn g&agrave;ng. Chỉ cần &aacute;p dụng theo l&agrave; xong.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;Bạn trao đổi với c&aacute;c developer kh&aacute;c trong team về c&aacute;ch tổ chức source code của một hệ thống kh&aacute; lớn v&agrave; phức tạp. Bạn (v&agrave; team của bạn) cảm thấy kh&oacute; khăn khi tr&igrave;nh b&agrave;y &yacute; tưởng của m&igrave;nh. H&atilde;y sử dụng Design Patterns như một ng&ocirc;n ngữ chung để n&oacute;i về những &yacute; tưởng phức tạp một c&aacute;ch đơn giản. (Giả sử thay v&igrave; n&oacute;i rằng &ldquo;Ta c&oacute; thể tạo một Abstract Class để tập trung c&aacute;c xử l&yacute; tạo c&aacute;c Instance của class Hotel để dễ d&agrave;ng che giấu việc khai b&aacute;o c&aacute;c Instance con li&ecirc;n quan đến Hotel đồng thời c&oacute; thể dễ d&agrave;ng tạo nhiều Instance của Hotel mootj c&aacute;ch dễ d&agrave;ng v&agrave; tường minh&rdquo; th&igrave; ta c&oacute; thể n&oacute;i l&agrave; &ldquo;Ta c&oacute; thể &aacute;p dụng Abstract Factory Design Patterns cho class Hotel&rdquo; thế th&ocirc;i!)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;h2&gt;2. Những điểm mạnh của Design Patterns&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Việc nắm bắt v&agrave; &aacute;p dụng Design Patterns v&agrave;o trong c&ocirc;ng việc của một Developer thực sự sẽ gi&uacute;p ta c&oacute; một bước ph&aacute;t triển ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n mới về cả tư duy lẫn kỹ năng lập tr&igrave;nh. Bạn c&oacute; thể thấy r&otilde; điều đ&oacute; qua những điểm mạnh của n&oacute; sau đ&acirc;y:&nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;Gi&uacute;p bạn tăng tốc độ ph&aacute;t triển c&aacute;c ứng dụng.&nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;Cải thiện code structure, dễ d&agrave;ng n&acirc;ng cấp v&agrave; sửa đổi.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;Tăng khả năng code reusability.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;Tăng t&iacute;nh readable đối với những cấu tr&uacute;c code phức tạp. Tăng khả năng communicate giữa c&aacute;c th&agrave;nh vi&ecirc;n trong team (Nếu mọi người đều biết về Design Patterns)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;Do c&aacute;c Design Patterns đ&atilde; được tối ưu n&ecirc;n ta cũng c&oacute; thể tr&aacute;nh được những lỗi kh&ocirc;ng mong muốn ph&aacute;t sinh trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh Implementation.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;h2&gt;3. Những hạn chế của Design Patterns&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;Design Patterns kh&ocirc;ng phải l&agrave; ch&igrave;a kh&oacute;a vạn năng, n&oacute; chỉ c&oacute; thể giải quyết được một số những vấn đề nhất định. Nếu ta sử &aacute;p dụng Design Patterns v&agrave;o những trường hợp kh&ocirc;ng ph&ugrave; hợp c&oacute; thể l&agrave;m code trở n&ecirc;n rối v&agrave; phức tạp hơn.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;Design Patterns chỉ l&agrave;m cho code dễ đọc dễ hiểu với những người c&oacute; kinh nghiệm về Design Patterns đang được &aacute;p dụng. Tuy nhi&ecirc;n đối với những người mới c&oacute; thể sẽ gặp kh&oacute; khăn trong việc nắm bắt cấu tr&uacute;c v&agrave; kh&oacute; khăn trong việc debug.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;Bản th&acirc;n từng Design Patterns cũng c&oacute; những khuyết điểm của ri&ecirc;ng n&oacute; (ta sẽ khảo s&aacute;t cụ thể khi đi v&agrave;o chi tiết từng Pattern). N&ecirc;n khi &aacute;p dụng Design Patterns n&agrave;o ta lu&ocirc;n phải c&acirc;n nhắc kỹ lưỡng những lợi &iacute;ch v&agrave; khuyết điểm của n&oacute; để đưa ra quyết định c&oacute; n&ecirc;n sử dụng hay kh&ocirc;ng.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;h2&gt;4. Ph&acirc;n loại c&aacute;c Design Patterns:&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;Nh&oacute;m Creational: Nh&oacute;m Creational l&agrave; nh&oacute;m những Design Patterns tập trung c&aacute;c giải ph&aacute;p khởi tạo đối tượng v&agrave; che giấu logic khởi tạo những đối tượng:&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Nh&oacute;m Creational bao gồm: Factory Method,&nbsp;Abstract Factory, Builder, Prototype, Singleton&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;Nh&oacute;m Structural: Nh&oacute;m Structural l&agrave; nh&oacute;m những Design Patterns tập trung v&agrave;o việc tối ưu c&aacute;c thiết kế của class v&agrave; sự kết hợp c&aacute;c class v&agrave; object trở lại một cấu tr&uacute;c lớn hơn.&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Nh&oacute;m Structural bao&nbsp;gồm:&nbsp;Adapter, Bridge, Composite, Decorator, Facade, Flyweight v&agrave;&nbsp;Proxy&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;Nh&oacute;m Behavioral: Nh&oacute;m Behaviour l&agrave; nh&oacute;m những Design Patterns tập trung sự ph&acirc;n chia tr&aacute;ch nhiệm của c&aacute;c class v&agrave; object để phục vụ một mục đ&iacute;ch cụ thể. Nh&oacute;m n&agrave;y tập trung nhiều hơn v&agrave;o mối quan hệ giữa c&aacute;c class v&agrave; object với nhau.&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Nh&oacute;m Behavioral bao gồm:&nbsp;Interpreter, Template Method, Chain of Responsibility, Command, Iterator, Mediator, Memento, Observer, State, Strategy v&agrave; Visitor&lt;/i&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;h2&gt;5. Cần chuẩn bị những g&igrave; trước khi t&igrave;m hiểu về Design Patterns?&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;OOP: Tất nhi&ecirc;n rồi, bạn phải nắm t&iacute;nh vũng tư duy lập tr&igrave;nh theo hướng đối tượng đ&atilde;. C&aacute;c Design Patterns đơn giản l&agrave; gi&uacute;p bạn triển khai c&aacute;c t&iacute;nh chất của OOP dễ d&agrave;ng v&agrave; linh hoạt hơn m&agrave; th&ocirc;i.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;C&aacute;ch đọc sơ đồ UML:&nbsp; C&aacute;c Design Pattern thường được thể hiện dưới dạng UML diagram, việc đọc hiểu một số concept UML cơ bản l&agrave; cần thiết để bắt đầu học Design Patterns&nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;C&aacute;c bạn c&oacute; thể tham khảo tại đ&acirc;y:&nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.guru99.com/uml-diagrams.html&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;https://www.guru99.com/uml-diagrams.html&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;Dưới đ&acirc;y l&agrave; 1 số concept UML cơ bản m&igrave;nh sẽ sử dụng trong loạt b&agrave;i viết n&agrave;y:&nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-Cn1yI9X33XdJ5N3xgCYsyzvq0ix1YjSsqI6bTqLf.png&quot; alt=&quot;A picture containing diagram
        Description automatically generated&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/CKEDITOR-CpD296nUoYXW0lMySCd5csSytIINBYEQV7eQ1CdD.png&quot; alt=&quot;Diagram
        Description automatically generated&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Ngo&agrave;i ra hiểu được 2 quy tắc thiết kế &ldquo;&lt;i&gt;program to interfaces, not implementations&rdquo;&nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;v&agrave; &ldquo;&lt;i&gt;favor composition over inheritance&rdquo;&nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;cũng kh&aacute; quan trọng. Hầu hết c&aacute;c Design Patterns đề được thiết kế dựa tr&ecirc;n 2 quy tắc n&agrave;y.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;h2&gt;6. Lời Kết&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;T&oacute;m lại th&igrave;: Design Patterns l&agrave; những mẫu thiết kế để giải quyết những vấn đề phổ biến hay gặp phải trong lập tr&igrave;nh, đ&atilde; được chấp nhận v&agrave; sử dụng rộng r&atilde;i của nhiều lập tr&igrave;nh vi&ecirc;n c&oacute; kinh nghiệm.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&Aacute;p dụng Design Patterns gi&uacute;p bạn cải thiện đ&aacute;ng kể tốc độ ph&aacute;t triển ứng dụng v&agrave; dễ d&agrave;ng hơn trong việc bảo tr&igrave;, sửa chữa.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, bạn cũng cần phải c&acirc;n nhắc kỹ lưỡng t&iacute;nh chất của b&agrave;i to&aacute;n cần giải quyết, quy m&ocirc; dự &aacute;n đang triển khai cũng như những th&agrave;nh vi&ecirc;n trong team của bạn trước khi cố gắng &aacute;p dụng bất k&igrave; Design Patterns n&agrave;o v&agrave;o code của dự &aacute;n.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cuối c&ugrave;ng, Design Patterns sinh ra nhằm mục đ&iacute;ch đơn giản h&oacute;a qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh ph&aacute;t triển ứng dụng, chứ kh&ocirc;ng phải l&agrave;m cho n&oacute; phức tạp l&ecirc;n. Nhớ điều n&agrave;y nh&eacute;!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References:&nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://refactoring.guru/design-patterns&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;Design Patterns&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/gangs-of-four-gof-design-patterns&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;Gangs of Four (GoF) Design Patterns | DigitalOcean&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Books:&nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.com.vn/books/about/Head_First_Design_Patterns.html?id=GGpXN9SMELMC&amp;amp;redir_esc=y&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;Head First Design Patterns&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/body&gt;&lt;/html&gt;

Design Patterns là một trong những công cụ hữu hiệu nhất để giải quyết các bài toán bạn gặp phải trong khi lập trình. Trong bài viết này mình sẽ chia sẻ cho các bạn khái niệm tổng quan về Design Patterns. Ở những bài viết sau ta sẽ đi sâu vào từng Design Patterns để có thể hiểu sâu hơn về nó.

Giới thiệu tổng quan về Design Patterns

Mô hình kiến trúc N-layer đã khá phổ biến trong phát triển phần mềm, nhưng nó vẫn có khá nhiều điểm yếu. Từ đó, nhiều kiến trúc khác đã ra đời để giúp việc phát triển được tốt hơn. Trong bài viết này, chúng ta sẽ tìm hiểu 2 mô hình được sử dụng rộng rãi là Onion và Clean.

So sánh Onion Architecture và Clean Architecture

[Design Pattern] Bài 01: SOLID Trong Thiết Kế Hướng Đối Tượng

Bài viết nằm trong chuỗi bài về design pattern. Mở đầu của serie này là một design pattern khá quen thuộc và thân thương đó chính là Singleton. Vậy Singleton là gì, làm sao để implement một Singleton...
Qua bài viết hy vọng có thể support được mọi người có thêm kiến thức về Singleton.
OK Let’s Go.

[Design Pattern] Bài 03: Sử Dụng Singleton Trong Java

Bài viết nằm trong chuỗi bài về design pattern. Là phần tiếp theo của series design pattern, Factory một design pattern cực kỳ hữu dụng trong việc tạo ra object. Vậy Factory là gì, làm sao để implement một Factory. Qua bài viết hy vọng có thể support được mọi người có thêm kiến thức về Factory.

[Design Pattern] Bài 04: Sử Dụng Factory Trong Java

Bài viết nằm trong chuỗi bài về design pattern. Là phần tiếp theo của Creational pattern, Builder một design pattern cực kỳ hữu dụng trong việc tạo ra object. Vậy Builder là gì, làm sao để implement một Builder. Qua bài viết hy vọng có thể support được mọi người có thêm kiến thức về Builder.

[Design Pattern] Bài 05: Sử Dụng Builder Trong Java

&lt;html&gt;&lt;body&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:hsl(0,0%,0%);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. Prototype Design Pattern L&agrave; G&igrave;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;Để đi v&agrave;o chi tiết c&aacute;c thức hoạt động cũng như t&iacute;nh chất của&nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Prototype&lt;/strong&gt; pattern m&igrave;nh xin ph&eacute;p lấy một v&iacute; dụ về việc tạo ra c&aacute;c loại thẻ ng&acirc;n h&agrave;ng.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;X&atilde; hội ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng ph&aacute;t triển v&agrave; việc kh&ocirc;ng d&ugrave;ng tiền mặt ở c&aacute;c đ&ocirc; thị lớn đang l&agrave; xu thế. Gần như mọi người đều c&oacute; ri&ecirc;ng cho m&igrave;nh &iacute;t nhất một t&agrave;i khoản ng&acirc;n h&agrave;ng. B&ecirc;n cạnh đ&oacute; c&aacute;c c&ocirc;ng việc giao dịch về tiền tệ đều được thực hiện dễ d&agrave;ng th&ocirc;ng qua thẻ ATM.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;C&oacute; rất nhiều loại thẻ ATM như Master, Visa&hellip;B&ecirc;n cạnh đ&oacute;, mỗi ng&acirc;n h&agrave;ng c&ograve;n ph&aacute;t h&agrave;nh h&agrave;ng loạt c&aacute;c loại thẻ kh&aacute;c nhau cho từng nh&oacute;m kh&aacute;ch h&agrave;ng như thẻ VIP, thẻ CashBack... Về mặt physical th&igrave; c&aacute;c thẻ ATM n&agrave;y c&ugrave;ng chất liệu, c&ugrave;ng k&iacute;ch thước, c&ugrave;ng h&igrave;nh dạng v&agrave; chứa nhiều th&ocirc;ng tin chung, dĩ nhi&ecirc;n mỗi loại thẻ vẫn c&oacute; nhiều th&ocirc;ng tin kh&aacute;c biệt như m&agrave;u sắc, background số CVV&hellip;v&acirc;ng v&acirc;ng v&agrave; m&acirc;y m&acirc;y.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;Một topic nho nhỏ cho anh em dev l&agrave; l&agrave;m thế n&agrave;o c&oacute; thể tạo ra được những loại thẻ ATM một c&aacute;ch tiện lợi m&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng mất qu&aacute; nhiều effort. C&oacute; rất nhiều giải ph&aacute;p, một trong những giải ph&aacute;p m&igrave;nh c&oacute; thể consider đ&oacute; l&agrave;&nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Builder&lt;/strong&gt; pattern. Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, với việc tạo ra một object c&oacute; nhiều tham số v&agrave; logic phức tạp (parameters) th&igrave; c&oacute; vẻ&nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Builder&lt;/strong&gt; kh&ocirc;ng phải l&agrave; sự lựa chọn hợp l&yacute;. Với m&igrave;nh, c&aacute;i g&igrave; l&agrave;m nhiều th&igrave; m&igrave;nh chọn giải ph&aacute;p l&agrave; sao ch&eacute;p thay v&igrave; m&igrave;nh phải l&agrave;m bằng &ldquo;cơm&rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;Do đ&oacute;,&nbsp; m&igrave;nh tận dụng một trong những skill-set đỉnh ch&oacute;p của anh em lập tr&igrave;nh đ&oacute; l&agrave; copy-paste v&agrave;&nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Prototype&lt;/strong&gt; sẽ gi&uacute;p m&igrave;nh ph&aacute;t huy tối đa c&ocirc;ng dụng của việc tạo object bằng việc&nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;clone&lt;/strong&gt; từ một mẫu c&oacute; sẵn. V&agrave; sau đ&oacute; m&igrave;nh c&oacute; thể modify theo c&aacute;ch m&igrave;nh mong muốn dựa tr&ecirc;n từng context cụ thể.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;Đến đ&acirc;y, m&igrave;nh tin anh em cũng đ&atilde; hiểu mục đ&iacute;ch sử dụng của pattern n&agrave;y rồi. Tiếp theo m&igrave;nh sẽ giới thiệu với anh em về c&aacute;ch thiết kế cũng như c&aacute;ch để implement pattern n&agrave;y.&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;Đầu ti&ecirc;n m&igrave;nh c&ugrave;ng nhau tham khảo qua class diagram của&nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Prototype&lt;/strong&gt; để c&oacute; c&aacute;i nh&igrave;n tổng quan về em n&oacute;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:hsl(0,0%,0%);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. Prototype Design Pattern Diagram&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;figure class=&quot;image&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/prototype-design-pattern-1-3UWckMfOTe6LSnFefvA7g8cug7j5agBbvYU2xZAl.webp&quot;&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;&lt;p&gt;Trong lược đồ ph&iacute;a tr&ecirc;n, th&agrave;nh phần ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; ba class:&nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Client, Prototype v&agrave; SubPrototype&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Class Client&lt;/strong&gt;: Đại diện cho class sử dụng&nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Prototype&lt;/strong&gt; object để clone ra c&aacute;c SubPrototype&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Class Prototype&lt;/strong&gt;: Interface/Abstract class chứa abstract clone() method&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Class Sub-Prototype&lt;/strong&gt;: Đại diện cho c&aacute;c class con m&agrave; ch&uacute;ng m&igrave;nh sẽ implement clone() ở c&aacute;c sub-class n&agrave;y.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:hsl(0,0%,0%);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3. Prototype Pattern Implementation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;Anh em m&igrave;nh đ&atilde; xem qua class diagram. Giờ m&igrave;nh c&ugrave;ng&nbsp; nhau đi chi tiết về c&aacute;ch implement pattern n&agrave;y th&ocirc;ng qua b&agrave;i to&aacute;n tạo ra c&aacute;c loại bank card.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;Context l&agrave; m&igrave;nh sẽ sử dụng class&nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;BankCard&lt;/strong&gt; để tạo ra c&aacute;c loại card như&nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;PlatinumCard&lt;/strong&gt; v&agrave;&nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;DiamondCard&lt;/strong&gt; hai loại thẻ d&agrave;nh cho hai tập kh&aacute;ch h&agrave;ng của một ng&acirc;n h&agrave;ng, bằng c&aacute;ch sử dụng&nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Prototype&lt;/strong&gt; pattern.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;Đầu ti&ecirc;n m&igrave;nh tạo ra một class&nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;BankCard&lt;/strong&gt;, class n&agrave;y đại diện cho c&aacute;c loại&nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;BankCard&lt;/strong&gt; (Visa, Master&hellip;). Class n&agrave;y chứa c&aacute;c thuộc t&iacute;nh th&ocirc;ng dụng như: CardNumber, HolderName, CardType&hellip; Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, giả thuyết l&agrave; để tạo ra một object của&nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;BankCard&lt;/strong&gt; th&ocirc;ng qua constructor() th&igrave; cần điền th&ocirc;ng tin cho rất nhiều field, việc n&agrave;y l&agrave;m tăng effort một c&aacute;ch đ&aacute;ng kể cho cả lập tr&igrave;nh vi&ecirc;n v&agrave; hệ thống. Do đ&oacute; m&igrave;nh sẽ thay thế bằng phương ph&aacute;p sử dụng cơ chế clone của&nbsp;Cloneable interface.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Chi tiết của class&nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;BankCard&lt;/strong&gt; như sau:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;language-plaintext&quot;&gt; public class BankCard implements Cloneable{

    public String cardNumber;
    public String holderName;
    public String cardType;
    public BigDecimal amount;

    public BankCard(String cardType){
        this.cardType = cardType;
    }

    @Override
    protected BankCard clone() {
        try {
            return (BankCard) super.clone();
        } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return &quot;BankCard [cardNumber=&quot; + cardNumber + &quot;,
 holderName=&quot; + holderName + &quot;,
 cardType=&quot;+ cardType + &quot;, amount=&quot;+amount+&quot; ]&quot;;
    }

// Getters and Setters
}

&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;Theo như class diagram, m&igrave;nh cần tạo ra class&nbsp;CardClient,&nbsp;class n&agrave;y sẽ&nbsp;sử dụng&nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Prototype&lt;/strong&gt;&nbsp;để tạo ra nhiều loại thẻ cho c&ugrave;ng một customer bằng c&aacute;ch sử dụng&nbsp;clone() method của class&nbsp;BankCard.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;language-plaintext&quot;&gt; public class CardClient{

    public static void main(String[] args){
        BankCard platinumCard = new BankCard(&quot;master&quot;);
        platinumCard.setHolderName(&quot;Tom&quot;);
        platinumCard.setCardNumber(&quot;1234&quot;);

        BankCard diamondCard = masterCard.clone();
        diamondCard.setCardType(&quot;visa&quot;);

        System.out.println(platinumCard);
        System.out.println(diamondCard);
    }
}
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;Implementation của Prototype cũng rất đơn giản, kh&ocirc;ng qu&aacute; cầu k&igrave;, phức tạp. Đến đ&acirc;y, m&igrave;nh nghĩ sẽ c&oacute; một v&agrave;i question được đặt ra như sau.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;C&acirc;u hỏi đầu ti&ecirc;n, đ&oacute; l&agrave; nếu m&igrave;nh update một attribute n&agrave;o đ&oacute; của&nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;platinumCard&lt;/strong&gt; th&igrave; attribute tương ứng của&nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;diamondCard&lt;/strong&gt; c&oacute; bị thay đổi gi&aacute; trị hay kh&ocirc;ng? Bởi v&igrave;&nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;diamondCard&lt;/strong&gt; được tạo ra bằng c&aacute;ch&nbsp;copy th&ocirc;ng tin từ&nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;platinumCard.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;Good question. Dĩ nhi&ecirc;n c&acirc;u trả lời trong trường hợp n&agrave;y l&agrave; &ldquo;&lt;strong&gt;Kh&ocirc;ng&lt;/strong&gt;&rdquo; v&igrave; bản chất của h&agrave;m clone() l&agrave; deep copy, n&ecirc;n việc modify một newly object sẽ kh&ocirc;ng l&agrave;m ảnh hưởng đến original object.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;C&acirc;u hỏi số hai, điểm kh&aacute;c nhau trong việc sử dụng phương thức clone() v&agrave; to&aacute;n tử dấu&nbsp;&ldquo;=&rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:hsl(0,75%,60%);&quot;&gt;&nbsp;BankCard diamondCard = platinumCard.clone() vs&nbsp;&nbsp;BankCard diamondCard = platinumCard;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;Khi ch&uacute;ng ta sử dụng to&aacute;n tử&nbsp; dấu&nbsp;&ldquo;=&rdquo; đều n&agrave;y c&oacute; nghĩa l&agrave; object&nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;diamondCard&lt;/strong&gt; tham chiếu đến object&nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;platinumCard&lt;/strong&gt;, nếu&nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;platinumCard&lt;/strong&gt; thay đổi th&ocirc;ng tin điều n&agrave;y dẫn đến&nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;diamondCard&lt;/strong&gt; cũng thay đổi th&ocirc;ng tin theo&nbsp;(shallow copy)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;M&igrave;nh cũng sẽ c&oacute; một b&agrave;i viết về hai phương ph&aacute;p&nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Deep-Copy&lt;/strong&gt; v&agrave;&nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Shallow-Copy&lt;/strong&gt; để giải th&iacute;ch cụ thể sự kh&aacute;ch biệt của hai loại copy n&agrave;y với mọi người.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;Đến đ&acirc;y th&igrave; anh em m&igrave;nh cũng đ&atilde; t&igrave;m hiểu về c&ocirc;ng năng cũng như implementation của&nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Prototype&lt;/strong&gt; rồi. M&igrave;nh cũng đ&atilde; apply pattern n&agrave;y cho nhiều dự &aacute;n n&ecirc;n tiếp theo, m&igrave;nh sẽ liệt k&ecirc; ra pros v&agrave; cons của pattern n&agrave;y dựa tr&ecirc;n kinh nghiệm thực chiến của m&igrave;nh.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:hsl(0,0%,0%);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4. The Pros and Cons of Prototype Design Pattern&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:hsl(0,0%,0%);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Pros of Prototype&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Một trong những điểm mạnh nổi bật nhất của&nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Prototype&nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;m&agrave; bất kỳ lập tr&igrave;nh vi&ecirc;n n&agrave;o cũng c&oacute; thể nhận ra đ&oacute; ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; việc tạo ra c&aacute;c object mới dựa tr&ecirc;n một object đ&atilde; tồn tại sẵn một c&aacute;ch tiện lợi. Điều n&agrave;y gi&uacute;p giảm đi rất nhiều effort cho anh em coder cũng như đem lại performance xịn hơn cho hệ thống.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Prototype rất hữu &iacute;ch khi bạn muốn tạo ra c&aacute;c object c&oacute; logic phức tạp, b&ecirc;n cạnh đ&oacute; pattern n&agrave;y c&ograve;n gi&uacute;p m&igrave;nh hạn chế được việc phải tạo th&ecirc;m c&aacute;c class con kh&ocirc;ng cần thiết.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh l&agrave;m project thực tế m&igrave;nh đ&atilde; kết hợp Prototype v&agrave; Factory với nhau, để implement một t&iacute;nh năng kh&aacute; phức tạp đ&oacute; l&agrave; tạo ra c&aacute;c loại contract cho kh&aacute;ch h&agrave;ng trong c&aacute;c hệ thống finance khi kh&aacute;ch mua bảo hiểm, hoặc hợp đồng vay thế chấp, t&iacute;n chấp&hellip;Đồng thời, kết hợp với&nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Map&lt;/strong&gt; collection để n&acirc;ng cao tối đa hiệu quả của&nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Prototype&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;language-plaintext&quot;&gt; public class ContractFactory{

    public Map&amp;lt;String, Contract&amp;gt; contractMaps = new HashMap&amp;lt;&amp;gt;();

    public void extendContract(String customerId){
        Contract extended = null;
        if(contractMaps.containsKey(customerId)) {
            Contract original = contractMaps.get(customerId);
            extended = original.clone();
            extended.setRenewDate(new Date());
        }else {
            extended = new Contract();
        }
        contractMaps.put(customerId, extended);
    }
}
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Cons of Prototype&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Prototype&lt;/strong&gt; pattern ph&ugrave; hợp đối với việc tạo ra c&aacute;c object c&oacute; nhiều th&ocirc;ng tin chung. Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, cần phải xem x&eacute;t kỹ lưỡng trong trường hợp cần tạo ra object đặc biệt khi m&agrave; object mới c&oacute; qu&aacute; nhiều field cần phải update.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;Dĩ nhi&ecirc;n việc tạo ra c&aacute;c object mới bằng c&aacute;ch clone từ object hiện tại th&igrave; khả năng cao object mới sẽ chứa nhiều th&ocirc;ng tin dư thừa từ original object.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:hsl(0,0%,0%);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;5. The Conclusion&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:justify;&quot;&gt;Prototype design pattern rất hiệu quả trong việc tạo ra object phức tạp. B&ecirc;n cạnh đ&oacute;, n&oacute; cũng thể hiện kha kh&aacute; điểm yếu. Tất cả m&igrave;nh đều đ&atilde; liệt k&ecirc; trong b&agrave;i viết. Dĩ nhi&ecirc;n, sẽ kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; một giải ph&aacute;p n&agrave;o l&agrave; to&agrave;n diện. V&igrave; vậy, anh em n&ecirc;n xem x&eacute;t kỹ trước khi đưa ra quyết định l&agrave; n&ecirc;n d&ugrave;ng pattern n&agrave;o, để đạt được hiệu quả tối ưu nhất.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/body&gt;&lt;/html&gt;

Creational Design Pattern là một nhóm pattern vô cùng hữu ích trong việc tạo ra một object. Việc tạo ra object phụ thuộc nhiều vào ngữ cảnh như: số lượng tham số truyền vào, điều kiện cơ sở…Là một trong những pattern phổ biến của nhóm Creational, Prototype pattern đem lại hiệu quả cao trong việc tạo ra một object phức tạp. Chúng mình cùng nhau tìm hiểu chi tiết về kỹ thuật thiết kế một Prototype pattern như thế nào  nhé

[Design Pattern] Bài 06: Sử Dụng Prototype Trong Java

Design Patterns

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Accept payments from anywhere! </li><li>Handles transactions in various currencies, making it easier to expand your business globally. </li></ul>Security &amp; Compliance <ul><li>Fully PCI DSS compliant, ensuring secure payment handling. </li><li>Built-in fraud prevention tools help detect suspicious transactions and protect your business. </li></ul>Customization &amp; Scalability <ul><li>Webhooks allow real-time event handling—automate actions like sending confirmation emails after a successful payment. </li><li>Easily integrates with platforms like Shopify, Laravel, and WordPress, so you can tailor your payment system to your needs. </li></ul>4. Pricing Stripe’s pricing model is designed to be transparent and scalable, making it a strong choice for businesses of all sizes. Overview of Stripe Pricing Model <ul><li>Transaction fees: Stripe charges a small percentage per transaction, with rates varying based on the payment method and country. </li><li>Domestic vs. international transactions: International payments often have slightly higher fees due to currency conversion and cross-border processing. </li><li>Additional Costs: While core features are included, extra services like advanced fraud protection (Radar), invoicing, and connection for marketplace payments may incur additional fees. </li></ul>Comparison with Competitors <ul><li>Competitive pricing: Compared to PayPal, Square, and Adyen, Stripe offers straightforward pricing without hidden costs. </li><li>Value-added features: Stripe’s real-time fraud detection, developer-friendly API, and extensive integration options provide a significant edge over competitors. </li></ul><img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/api-in-payments-1-1536x999-YAcQOpljIPJdRzszIGnjkpqazWXpdOjRlaGQ0Nml.webp">With Stripe, you’re not just paying for a payment processor—you’re investing in a secure, scalable, and developer-friendly platform. 5. Setting Up Stripe API Creating a Stripe Account <ul><li>Registration process: Sign up at Stripe’s website with your business details. You’ll need to provide basic information like your email, business type, and bank details for payouts. Create your Stripe account: <a href="https://dashboard.stripe.com/register">https://dashboard.stripe.com/register</a>  </li></ul><figure class="image"><img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/api-in-payments-2-1536x787-Dog0G47fytBCfoBifFEEPQBJCENkI92Ll7KmQnVB.webp"></figure><ul><li>Setting up API keys: After signing up, navigate to the Developers section in your Stripe dashboard to access your Publishable and Secret API keys. These keys are essential for connecting your application to Stripe’s payment system. </li></ul> <img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/api-in-payments-3-1536x735-wxq0WEHenqY0pFLi8FzCEd9CGnHWDTflcZvM67hM.webp">6. Implementing Stripe API using Laravel Basic Integration (for Laravel) <ul><li>Create a New Laravel Project </li></ul> <img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/api-in-payments-4-HsGlWCiWFAJXHa05cqBM8GjpSd3bWUr5vAv4RIhI.webp"><ul><li>Install Stripe PHP SDK </li></ul> <img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/api-in-payments-5-mEpuclJ3RwgsJvN9gllNcjSJsfmy4Fb6iC3pYmyd.webp"><ul><li>Set Up Stripe API Keys <ul><li>Get your test keys from Stripe Dashboard. </li><li>Add them to your .env file: </li></ul></li></ul> <img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/api-in-payments-6-db9Rvu0SZNnlzmhrJoAIHfE8xNVRCNdMhxsUeHjJ.webp"><ul><li>Create a Stripe Controller </li><li>Run:   <img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/api-in-payments-7-8rRKT4B0h29AfJDRzMWcg9un7p40ix4BWEXZ1Hty.webp"> </li><li>Inside app/Http/Controllers/StripeController.php, add: </li></ul> <img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/api-in-payments-8-1162x1536-j2ZNayenNlBoAJhidmw2hgQyfVIgF7H4so2oWH6s.webp"><ul><li>Define Routes </li><li>In routes/web.php, add: </li></ul> <img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/api-in-payments-9-1536x907-TsIlvVz24Ss2WWh3FoRuw6lIVzABKnkk0rZY7joP.webp"><ul><li>Create a Simple Frontend </li><li>Inside resources/views/checkout.blade.php, add: </li></ul><img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/api-in-payments-10-1159x1536-zAq9nf31QR1aiewnrrBex5d1Is8n2pJ48vgRDBNA.webp"><ul><li>Serve the App </li><li>Run: </li></ul> <img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/api-in-payments-11-PFuRiyl2wLlCMRXqzVe98DA3PAAjCl3pIF6yfZIj.webp"><ul><li>Go to http://127.0.0.1:8000/checkout and test it. </li></ul> <img src="https://api.careers.saigontechnology.com/storage/ck-editor/api-in-payments-12-1536x748-Ydd6PHxF2gz4vVlSox17citot7IFqI3CIXlMEkFa.webp">Handling Payments <ul><li>Successful Payments <ul><li>Trigger order fulfillment and send confirmation emails. </li><li>Store payment details securely for future transactions. </li></ul></li><li>Failed Payments <ul><li>Utilize smart retries and email reminders. </li><li>Implement dunning management to recover revenue. </li></ul></li></ul>Advanced Integrations <ul><li>Subscription Billing: Automate renewals, offer trials, and flexible billing cycles. </li><li>Multi-Currency Support: Cater to global customers with localized payments.  </li><li>CRM Integration: Sync with platforms like HubSpot for customer management. </li></ul>7. Case Studies and Examples One-Time Payment and Recurring Billing Stripe supports both one-time and recurring billing, enabling businesses to process transactions seamlessly. One-time payments are ideal for individual purchases, while recurring billing suits subscription-based models with automated invoicing and dunning management. Small Business &amp; Enterprise Use Case <ul><li>Small Online Store Example <ul><li>A handmade products store integrates Stripe by setting up Stripe Checkout, webhooks for payment updates, and alternative payment options like Apple Pay. </li></ul></li><li>A handmade products store integrates Stripe by setting up Stripe Checkout, webhooks for payment updates, and alternative payment options like Apple Pay. <ul><li>A handmade products store integrates Stripe by setting up Stripe Checkout, webhooks for payment updates, and alternative payment options like Apple Pay. A SaaS company leverages Stripe Billing for automated invoicing, Stripe Tax for compliance, and integration with accounting tools for financial tracking. </li></ul></li></ul>8. Future of Payment Processing with Stripe As digital payments continue to evolve, Stripe is at the forefront of innovation, shaping the future of online transactions. Here’s a look at the key trends and what’s next for Stripe. Emerging Trends <ul><li>Digital Wallets &amp; Alternative Payments   More consumers are using Apple Pay, Google Pay, and local payment methods, and Stripe is expanding support to keep transactions seamless. </li><li>AI &amp; Blockchain Integration   Future developments may include AI-driven fraud detection and blockchain-based security enhancements for faster, safer payments. </li></ul>Stripe’s Roadmap <ul><li>New Features &amp; Services   Expect improvements in subscription management, automation, and analytics to streamline payments. </li><li>Global Expansion &amp; Strategy   Stripe is focused on making cross-border transactions easier, helping businesses scale without payment barriers. </li></ul>9. Conclusion Stripe isn’t just a payment processor—it’s a complete financial toolkit that helps businesses handle transactions with ease. Its developer-friendly API simplifies complex payment workflows, making it accessible for startups, enterprises, and everything in between. With powerful features like multi-currency support, advanced fraud detection, and seamless integration with various platforms, Stripe enables businesses to scale effortlessly. Whether you’re selling products, offering subscriptions, or running a marketplace, Stripe provides the flexibility and security needed to stay ahead in the digital economy. As online payments continue to evolve, Stripe remains at the forefront, constantly innovating to provide faster, smarter, and more reliable payment solutions. By choosing Stripe, businesses can focus on what truly matters—growth, customer experience, and expanding their reach in a global market. Resources <ul><li>Demo source code: <a href="https://github.com/mayphan/Stripe-Demo-Laravel">https://github.com/mayphan/Stripe-Demo-Laravel</a>  </li></ul></body></html>

All about how Stripe makes online payments smoother and smarter. From setting up your account to handling transactions, security, and costs, Stripe isn’t just a payment processor - it’s a powerful tool to help businesses grow. If online payments have ever felt like a hassle, this blog gives you a fresh take on how Stripe makes everything flow effortlessly!

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